Pertinax

and I was going to suggest that even if no other plant wre available , the humble sage has shadowed human development for many thousands of years , and of course its modern usage is as a mouthwash for severe laryingitis and any infection of the salivatory areas.

Now ive blundered into a forum where I can truthfully say I have no knowledge at all, and I would like to ask a couple of questions:or rather are these statements reasonable- I understand that provision of water to crew and combatants was the critical factor in provisioning of vessels , and that (given crew size/versus vessel size) a limit of three operational days at sea was the norm? That crew and marines could not move around vessels without taking care regarding stability. That the boarding bridge was the main reason for Roman domination of Cathaginian shipping but also the main cause of structural instability. and -anyone have a source for army transports for marine ops?

As long as your not smoking a meerschaum pipe ,wearing a top hat and spats.Manny Happy Returns. BTW when did you realise the Clowns were Out to Get you?

Judas acts in a venial manner-for money-but is the instrument of the essential suffering of Christ (meaning for the redemption of mankind) .He appears to be acting with true free will.Is his sin then borne and forgiven? I suppose my original query is as regards a sect that holds to this tenent, but he is not a divine instrument? Hmm..im not much of a theologian but your quotations are useful things to turn over.If the suffering of Christ is infinite, then forgivness for Judas is possible? I will look at my Gnostic notes, im half convinced thats where the original query came from, but I havent looked at them for maybe 10 years!

http://www.janeraeburn.com/brigantia/ccw.htm a link to index celtic/brigantine deities and Roman conflated deities.Belatucadrus was the central cult deity of the Queen Cartimanduas capital.

Can someone knowledgable remind me which sect has Judas as a saint, (for the reason that he was the person responsible for the seizure of Christ and hence His death as the Saviour) ? Would I be mistaken in thinking that would be a possible early Gnostic dogma or perhaps a Cathar one?

I wonder why the assumption is that no pain killers were available?

main entry :second part. The marriage of Cartimandua and Venutius was in essence a pro-Roman treaty, keeping the marriage stable was unfortunately another matter. Cartimandua was a monarch in her own right and no makeweight in the the treaty/marriage.Venutius's armour bearer turned out to be rather handsome and dashing...and the scandalised loyalists from the Eastern territory de-stabilised the whole carefully constructed edifice. Venutius is described as second only to Caractacus as a strategist (Tacitus) and the Romans found that they had to oppose him if they needed a stable and complaisant province.The Boudiccan revolt was contemporary , so if dissafection with Roman rule existed in tribal nationalist communities general ill feeling would have been maximised. It is rumoured that Druidic influence sharpened the clash of the two married monarchs. Venuntius drove Cartimandua out of her own tribal capital and we lose sight of her and her toyboy.Tacitus (in Agricola) gives the campaign outlines to us, IX Hispana moved north on the east of the Pennines, XX Valeria Victrix took the west and moved parallel. Marine ops were coordinated by II Adiutrix to meet the XX units. Campaign forts are plentiful in my home region as the Legions pushed north to conquer and establish Luguvallum and Chesters as key strategic forts.The lake District was cut into defensible chunks and the prosperous "cumbrian" farmers given protection from steely eyed neighbours.New dig evidence suggests completion of the subjugation of the Brigantes by approx AD 70.Having subjugated this area the way was open to finish the tricky business of N Wales and then press on to the Caledonian and Hibernian fringe. AD 77 is a key date for destruction of a generation of Ordivician warriors in N Wales , likewise Mons Graupius is the elimination of a similar "cohort" in the Scottish Highlands( AD 83) after which "containment " of an emasculated enemy was required). Hibernia of course never happened.

I suppose you could argue that their ignorance enhanced GJCs prestige, what would be the equivalent strategic reach today? NB:Pantagathus:as you know we've pmd on the topic of the "lost port" in the Brigantine seaboard ,contemporary Fleetwood is not favoured by any commentators now as Setantiorium. My personal suggestion was modern Glasson Dock which has a much more effective linkage to the military road system,however Newby Bridge is also suggested as it appears that amphibious operations heavily demoralised local combatants and the Lune , Ribble and leven were all used for such purposes.This also adds an additional dimension to Bremetenacum's importance as a land and water route. http://www.unrv.com/forum/index.php?act=mo...y&cmd=si&img=74 dont forget we have had massive sea level changes and silting since Roman times.

Again I was going to put down a marker on "epochs" -is the American Civil War the first "modern(machine) era" war where The North ,in essence, mobilised the industrial capacity of the state to fight whatever length of war was needed, that Grant's campaigns were a precursor of the idea of "total war" ? The Franco -Prussian War looks to be a bad throwback to a mid Georgian conflict crossed with a romantic ignorance of modern firepower and tactical doctrine. The ancients were well aware that money and the weight of the apparatus of state were needed to achieve victories , but the radical technological changes would seem to argue for battlefield supremacy via factory production.

would we all agree that the column is the "conscript" army weapon? And yes its a costly thing , in lives, to use.

The essence of the columnar assault was the plentiful supply of men-we know Napoleon was not squeamish about spilling anyone's blood.the battlefield mortality rates were not particularly heavy in relation to other ages.

A generalised assumption regarding Brittania is that as one proceeded northward, the less civilised and the less sympathetic to Rome the tribes became,the less prosperous and cohesive , hence the less susceptible to Romanisation and the infiltration of civilisation. It was only in the 4th Century BC that Pythus of Massila (Marseille) made it clear to the educated person that Britain was not a mythical country, even in the time of Caesar many ordinary Romans were still uncertain of the truth. Caesars interest may well have been to gain a working equilibrium in SE Britain to assure him of a secure flank whilst campaigning in Gaul ie: no cross channel interdiction. Mandubraucias was the Trinovante (essex area) leader that Caeser worked with , as a client counterweight to the Catuvellauni,(Kentish area).The Atrebates (of sussex and hampshire ) emerged as strongly philo-roman through trade .There is strong physical evidence of trade .No surprises then that Silchester was the Atrebatic capital.In Augustan times the Trinovantes were pushed aside as the suzerainty of Cunobelinus in Camulodunum came to hold sway. Mandubracius is lost to us, but note the name of the later ,great queen of the Brigantes ,Cartamandua . Trade with Britain flourished regardless of political leanings until the time of the invasion. Claudius took on the policies of Caligula -we do not know if Caligula was truly desirous of conquest , no matter his uncle achieved it. The Brigantes (Yorkshire,Lancashire ,Cumbria and Northumbria ) were favoured client associates (of Rome)and the marriage of Cartamandua and Venuntius (Yorks and Lancs respectivley) was the great welding together of the most numerous tribe in Britain.Also a very prosperous tribe, the Cumbrian plain then as now is a forgotten area of great agricultural wealth.To have a client like this in the North secured the rear of potentially fractious aggresors.The strategic aim was to ,as far as we can see , to allow action against the Ordovicees and the Druidic centre of Yns Mon . to be continued... http://www.unrv.com/forum/index.php?act=mo...&cmd=si&img=353 this map is included as a key to understanding the Hadrianic defences , but it happens to show a lot of the key Brigantine territory.The Carvetti were centred on Luguvallum and the Parissi were the N Yorks coast neighbours that the Brigantines kept casting a wolfish eye over.Brigantine influence continued into the Scottish Lowlands.The Brigantines actually held sway from two capitals-each loyal to the male and female monarchs respectivley.

FV has actually hit the point I was thinking about-though I was trying to go back and forth in time and work out if therefore he thought the Roman battlefield might be more or less dangerous....the point about dispersion (I assume ) is that nowadays you must be dispersed or dug in deeep otherwise you will get a real stonking.Actually belay the dug in part, look at the hull down Iraqi AFVs..they didnt do too well. By the way is dispersal really a response to artillery/mortar interdiction? or is air power omnipotent? Correct me but wasnt mortar fire the deadliest battlefield element in the two WWs? Weve touched elsewhere also on ancient armies when considering the alleged "casualties" , ie: break a tribal army and everyone runs off home and you have no army left to muster, so in effective terms all the combatants are "lost" as any sort of fighters. So as we know an army may be "destroyed" but not actually suffer total elimination.

Galen, but youd guessed that already.

I have this link for dispersion , what do you think? http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/gabrmetz/table2.gif