caesar novus

I know nothing about those names, and would guess it's hard to know for groups who left no writings or cohesive remaining culture as discussed in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths#Etymology . Don't let my ignorance deter your search. From here on I will just digress and vent some things from an anthropological perspective to nobody in particular. Not only does a group's name often differ from an inside vs outside perspective... it usually ought to. In fact what defines the group typically is (and should be) different from inside vs outside. Fer instance, a group may define it's boundaries by ideology and culture vs Roman's define it by a mobilized threatening subset with added misc allies. Names don't refer to universal "things" but to dynamic entities that arise with meaning specific to each naming culture. E.G. who are "asians" and where do you draw the line? Try to be excruciatingly correct and ask the "asians" what they call themselves and you will cause insult for your patronizing assumptions. Even if they had the same concept with a name you wanted to adopt, it can be something you not only can't pronounce, but cannot hear properly. Look at the word "ma" in asian languages with umpteen meanings based on the tone. Look at languages with clicks and so on... now we know that the human mind rewires itself with age to increasingly lose the ability to even hear distinctions that your language doesn't use... it's an efficiency step. The same way as you learn to see red hair as a sign of hot tempers... oops. Maybe the Romans at times had some diplomatic contact and would approximate what a group called itself. But I hope they often used names meaningful to them, like mountain raiders, for groups which Romans defined who was in or out. That sounds harsh by P.C. standards but is how language works if you have experience in artificial intell and machine learning of language. Language takes a wide perspective for granted and just makes explicit a shorthand for what is culturally unexpected. I like it when foreign airlines announce a flight to "chic-cog-oh" instead of "shic-cog-oh"; they shouldn't have to be a slave to the quirky exceptions of pronouncing Chicago. I hate the western impulse to pander to someone else's pronounciation... they probably wouldn't even call Cadiz cadeeth but try some odd guatamalan dialect. The western world is becoming increasingly corrupted by misguided attempts of compassion with money or words, but I guess a novel isn't the place to fight this :-)

Oops, I took a look for that Italian style post WW1 work and found it was Stravinsky's Pulcinella ballet. It was Stravinsky whose other work was so austere, and Pulcinella just sounded least-bad to me. Many of these works are avail free on archive.org, and I edited in a link to Serenade for Strings. A ton of apologies for diss'ing Shostakovich style, which was actually too diverse to fall into a style. My mp3 player garbled up the order of the Shosta. lecture segments which left me confused. If Maxim or Dimitri Jr. happen to read this, keep in mind I at least made the effort to attend the former's concert in Hong Kong where he let the conductor baton fly out of his hand.

I do most errands the green and healthy way, with long walks along busy roads. I drown out traffic noise with noise cancel earphones, typically playing historical lectures. Still I miss parts, such as due to the arrogant ear-bleeding level of gov't sirens going to typically false med emergencies such as to request recreational pain pills. So I switched to histories of composers like http://www.robertgreenbergmusic.com/great-courses/ where there would be song samples and content that won't suffer much by occasional interruptions. By the way, I just read that since our police sometimes clear vagrant campers from 100% blocking sidewalks on my busy route, a top federal official has punitively blocked milliion$ of our fed tax money from reaching here. Idiot limousine lefty... he expects us to abandon foot travel for electric cars. Many of these vagrants are not poor but admit to being awash in benefits like fake disability. Some flew 5 to 10 airline hours to reach this place, famous on the internet for "blind compassion" where they can spend their benefits purely on intoxicants with no obligations. Anyway, I'll point out some lecture anecdotes that surprised me. My listening was fractured, so I sought confirmation in (fractured) Wikipedia which normally contradicted the lecturer. Start with Shostakovitch, the stark modernist of a century ago. I have visited his son and grandson in their home, so I hope I don't sound ungrateful for only liking one work which was sort of a redo of some Italian work. Right after WW1 there was disinterest in the harsh mechanical sound, so he sought out income from a quite delightful and accessible piece that I wish I remembered the name of. He redid many of his own works as well, just as they were falling out of copyright. Most of the lectures were about the drama of him trying to survive the wrath of Stalin. I liked Shost. quotes on Stalin being worse than Hitler for Russia, which still acknowledges the almost infinite horror of Hitler. Putin has whitewashed the textbooks about Stalin, and the west is content with Hitler rather than Stalin or Mao as symbolizing the essence of killer. The lecturer digressed into a conspiracy theory that Stalin was murdered because he was about to start a war with China and terrorize Russian Jews. Wiki seemed to carefully shoot that down in favor of the conventional natural(ish) death theory. The supposed assassin Beria seemed unlikely. He was a depraved counterpart to Hitler's Heydrich, both sort of secret intel police heads that enjoyed personally torturing and killing... especially young civilian girls picked up off the streets daily. It was not too long ago when construction at Beria's old mansion turned up many young female skeletons in his garden. Daughters of high officials up to Stalin were warned to not accept a ride from Beria. Reading histories of Stalin (a terrorist even when young), Beria, and Heydrich are somehow more depressing than Hitler who at least espoused some appeal toward ideals rather then being brazenly devoted to nothing but evil. Lastly Tchaikovsky and his music, maybe only matched by Vivaldi in terms of accessibility. I came to realize that practically his only work I grooved on was "Serenade for Strings" https://archive.org/details/SerenadeForStringsInCMajorOp.48 which the lecturer said was flagged by "serenade" to uniquely be a pleasant interlude. Other works seem dramatic to bombastic accompaniments to his high strung life. The lecturer called him a serial molester of slightly underage boys, including his servants. One committed suicide, which was followed by writing of his ultimate gushy heartbreak work (I think in Swan Lake) which I have seen middle aged women melt to. Wiki doesn't take that shrill approach, saying just that he enjoyed man-friends more than his bizarre marriage, and that he died in a cholera epidemic rather than suicide for being outed. I have heard endless hand wringing supporting the latter theory, that he was driven to suicide due to society's homophobia. The lecturer took a strange middle path, that Tchai .killed himself out of vanity to not be remembered as a gay composer. He was about to be reported as gay to the Czar in some minor investigation, but there were no punishments for that except raised eyebrows. The lecturer said Tchai. knew how to easily avoid cholera outbreaks, but was so jealous about his hard-won conventional legacy that he took a poison that mimicked that agonizing, drawn-out-for-days death!

A search turned up Romans starting rabbit farming in Spain... also they were a symbol of fecundity and related things, with links to certain mythological figures. Maybe depends what woman is waving what over the bunny.

I downloaded a free Amazon Kindle book which was a memoir of a Brit reporter stuck inside Paris under siege by Prussia. 1870 was an interesting period where the unified architectural redo beloved by the world today was being started, and then fired upon, for the oddest of reasons. Napoleon3 was trying to suppress urban revolutionists on one hand by making wide blvds that couldn't be barricaded against gov't military response, and on the other hand by baiting the Prussians into a war which could bolster French patriotic unity. Well, like another free Kindle memoir from the Confederate war department in US civil war, it was an interesting time covered by a rambling lousy memoirist. It worked better when I mixed in readings of a quality history book of FrancoPrussian war, which was one of the bloodiest yet most needless of the 1800's. Bismark also wanted to bait France into war in order to rally and unify Germany; southern parts of modern Germany had been losing interest in joining up with Prussia, just as Parisians were increasing hostile to their agrarianist national gov't. Well, I haven't read that far and am already forgetting stuff, but I have the nerve to make a few observations. Napoleon3 is thought to be the dunce because he was tricked into declaring war first over a ridiculous nicety about how a wedding was called off. Bismark got the appearance of not initiating war and was able to win it with better organization and cannons (although worse small arms). I do give points to Napoleon3 for trying sort of a "suicide by cop" approach of wandering a field under fire when things first looked hopeless (his companions were hit), then surrendering to stop bloodshed well before ammo ran low. Bismark wanted to shell Paris vs his superiors trying a standoff first. My most bold observation is that there seem tremendous echos of 1870 tactics in WW2. It almost seems like WW2 wasn't an attempt to redo the freakish case of WW1 more effectively, but to address or relive the more conventional issues of 1870 war. In the case of 1940 France, it was still hobbled by terrible communications and disunity which made it hard to benefit from some superior technology like tanks and fortresses. In the case of Germany, so many of the oddball concerns of Hitler which were in his generals memoirs seem to be avoiding pitfalls from the 1870 war. Hitler was obsessed by the exact performance of every small arm, maybe recalling the much superior 1870 French rifle and crude machine gun. Many 1870 units squandered ammo to a disastrous extent, and Hitler insisted certain wasteful units not be resupplied with ammo as a punishment that could mean wipe out. Speed of deployment problems of 1870 would be ruthlessly corrected, etc... I may not be explaining this well, but there seem echos galore.

good pictures; I wonder who is the figure with an upturned crescent moon on his head.

I ran across some interesting tidbits about Palmyra... not sure if absolutely true. First, the liberation of Palmyra was assisted by a "Russian Rambo" who upon being engulfed by the enemy, called a fatal airstrike on his own position. http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/30/europe/body-of-russian-rambo-flown-home/index.html Also in November 2015 Minerva, it says the eagle on US dollar bill started out from a Roman eagle sketched in Palmyra. Such sketchings were made in mid 1700's and were widely published as an architecture source book. In Wiki under "great seal" you can see the scraggly Roman type eagle before it was converted into the present bald headed eagle. I wonder what those founders from the enlightenment age would say about current plans to change U.S. currency depictions from aspirational ideals to pity whoring.... portraits of blind albino eskimos in wheelchairs or something of the sort. Also they show various photos of Palmyra taken in mid 1800s. They infer Palmyra was ruined by Aurelian as much as by time. Around 270 he put down a rebellion by Queen Zenobia with wholesale massacres and destruction.

Constantine and Maximian on silver and bronze http://www.foxnews.com/science/2016/04/30/workers-unearth-large-trove-roman-coins-at-spanish-park.html

Herculeum revival too? http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/19/roman-high-street-reopens-visitors

I wonder what is the secret of metallic ink. I had read this before, and can only gather that it will aid us reading faint text. But why was it so great for the Romans themselves? Maybe the soot ink smeared too much? Someone invented non-smeary newspaper ink about 20 years ago but could not sell it because it cost a tiny bit more. Another current problem is fading ink... if you look at some receipts a decade or so old, you may notice the printer ink is fading to nothingness, and will not serve their purpose for taxes or whatever.

What is still worthwhile to watch on cable TV? I can't save $ by "cutting the cable", because they negotiated a discount to my neighborhood on the basis that everyone must pay for at least basic service. This when my favorite genre of history documentaries disappears from History channel, and reappears free on youtube. Well, some channels like Smithsonian or Arts & Entertainment have good detective-type documentaries about recent history, which BTW go by different titles in different parts of the world. "Air Disasters" covers intrinsically interesting causes of a particular airliner crash, but gosh you have to tolerate some slow pacing from this Ontario/Quebec subsidized production. You can see their points coming a mile away, maybe amid clumsy attempts to bluff you. It's not that Canadians are slow, but I think their media experts have brain-drained to the U.S. where they are quite prominent. They tend to wash out the color into a pale grey... is this dreariness for hiding cheesy low budget re-creation filmsets? But the ultimate findings turn out to be fascinating and surprisingly nuanced. I used to think it was knee jerk "blame the pilot" which they do at 70%, but not solely or lightly since the investigators tend to be pilots too. Smithsonian channel now follows this with another docuhour "Alaskan Aircrash Investigations", which is a bit more lively and colorful, but disturbing for a taxpayer. Alaska has a crash every other day in the summer, typically in a tiny 1950's era plane doing some kind of cowboy antics. Big budget investigations seem to be made as if they were airliners, with representatives of various federal departments, engine manufacturers, and airframe manufacturers who plod around swampy crash sites with a band of sheriffs to fight off bears or clingy family of victims. Helicopters bring remains back, which is sometimes rebuilt and tested over a thousand miles away... presumably to see if a device from 1952 can be improved so that the one other surviving example must do an upgrade. Well, it can be good, like an illegal heater upgrade done to a whole fleet of bush planes proves to be capable of knocking occupants unconscious from CO poisoning in minutes. They get friends of the pilot to give gushy background info thru the subterfuge of filming before official final report, which often condemns pilot negligence. Similar in spirit is A&E "The First 48" which has long covered real who-done-it murder investigations in a fast paced format. But now it is dragging with a lot of gushy emoting by the fam/friends of the victim, which may be responsible for cutting down from 2 to 1 case per episode hour. Another bad trend is the victims and perps seem to come from the same pool of dysfunctional, blatantly lawless, and self sabotaging in lifestyle. It's not a question of how to possibly dream up the rare potential killer, but how to eliminate the many obvious violent drug dealing 18 yr olds, each with multiple welfare baby mommas. This isn't even a fair depiction of murderers in general, but more the case for poorly policed areas like Chicago - recently famous for becoming a murder war zone after implementing "compassionate" minimal prison sentences. I remember older episodes with more interesting suspects, like a cagey old hermit who would only talk (indeed confess) to a rubenesque policewomen using just a hint of flirt dangled like a carrot. Little progress seems to ever be made without deceiving suspects or brandishing a potential death sentence, practices probably on the way out. A more satisfying series along the same lines is "Homicide Hunter" which covers a more diverse slice of cases in one city by one detective (Kenda). He wasn't the first choice for this somewhat low budget series, but his low-key skills in a non-war-zone city in Colorado forces the series to show the quirks of real stranger-than-fiction stuff that appears among apparently well-meaning people in benign everyday surroundings. It's repeating on Investigation Discovery channel which you may channel surf by due to typically cheesy overwrought re-creations of crime. What I would like to see more of is the genre of sitcoms that satirize modern life. A trying-to-be sane or nice person like Alan Harper colliding with cheerfully off kilter types like hedonist Charlie Sheen in "2.5 Men". One of the first of this type was "Married with Children"s dad trying to survive his cheerfully out of control wife and kids. Maybe these don't age well because with time the craziness of some characters becomes more culturally accepted and the striving to be respectable is less and less identified with. But maybe one more such series for dunces like me?

Spectator article http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/04/give-thanks-for-the-imperialist-tomb-raiders/ talks about the intentional destruction of archeology by local inhabitants not being new with Syria. Some of the controversial western "looting" of archeo treasures saved them from destructive processes ongoing at the time, comparable to the smashing up of Rome treasures for construction material in medieval times. Now a threat to museum holdings is the recent "spineless, guilt-ridden, perma–apologetic western culture" that pushes artifacts back to the countries of origin even if they haven't requested them. Those countries may not be physically or even spiritually equipped to be monopoly caretakers of things historically related to them. As seen in Syria, they may have a hostility to their ancient cultures. If feeling an urge for restitution, why don't museums donate items from their own local history to foreign museums instead? Spread the risk, and maximize the exposure of the unfamiliar to the public (= education).

Multiple sources claim the chronic mismanagement of Pompeii is decisively on the mend https://www.instagram.com/p/BDySvFexQ1V/ and I include their new 148 page pdf Pompeii Excavation guide with great maps, photos, and writeups http://pompeiisites.org/allegati/A%20Guide%20to%20the%20Pompeii%20Excavations(1).pdf It looks wonderful if you have a vertical format tablet or rotatable laptop. Now I must go into hiding, because: (maybe you have seen the practice around there of folks selling originally free maps and brochures)

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/05/has-hannibals-route-across-the-alps-been-uncovered-scientists-us/

Dear apparently offended reader, who immediately yanked material that this thread was linking to along the lines of below pic: Do you not know about the tradition of April Fools Day joke? No offense was intended to Japan or your material. If you reinstall it, I promise to not link to it. There is a Kyoto tourism site that linked to much of your material, and now looks like a skeleton with dummy replacements. Here I link to a substitute video that doesn't support my joke so much, but shows Kyoto Aqueduct at it's best:

I can't get the NYT to display, so found http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160331-viking-discovery-north-america-canada-archaeology/ which also lists a documentary at the bottom. That Sarah archeo person was scheduled to lecture near my home a week ago, but cancelled.

Dateline April 1st 2016 Kyoto today celebrates 2000 years of receiving water from Lake Biwa via a Roman-built aqueduct: How was this possible? In the year 16ce Tiberius wished to renew an alliance Caesar had made with the powerful Trinovantes tribe in Britain. He sent an expedition to build an aqueduct in their capital of Colchester, but their ship got caught in a storm which dragged them thru the then-open NW passage above Canada and down to Japan. Faced with a "use it or lose it" budget allocation for the end of the year, the shipwrecked Romans built an aqueduct-to-nowhere south from Japan's largest lake. The Japanese happily responded by building a capital city at the end of it... Kyoto. Lead piping in the distribution system made residents mentally challenged, but that fit with their stereotype of bureaucrats. Hundreds of years of "pipe sickness" finally led to moving the capital to Tokyo, leaving Kyoto as a preserved backwater that even escaped WW2 damage. For more info, google "Suirokaku Aqueduct".

The Chronicle of Higher Education gave food for thought in an article "Does Engineering Education Breed Terrorists?" http://chronicle.com/article/Does-Engineering-Education/235800 along with historical perspective about earlier terror periods with different flavors (esp in comments section). I include a poll above to support or not some of their themes.

The Economist has an obituary for the most famous test/evaluation pilot of WW2 and postwar at http://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21693807-mr-brown-regularly-defied-death-humour-and-smile-he-was-97-obituary-eric-winkle-brown . Eric Brown (sometimes you have to search for "Erik" on book web sites) test flew and evaluated almost 500 aircraft types, often ingenious captured German designs that were dangerous without a written manual. Article suggests he survived by being small and calm. I remember a training aircraft where my knees blocked much of the travel of the stick, and was jammed probably too tight to bail out. Also I have met 2 top aerobatic pilots and they seemed almost clinically dead when there was no scariness to stimulate them. I bought many of his books that cover these historic aircraft from the 40's and 50's. They help de-romanticise them, because almost all have exasperating user-unfriendly flaws that were avoidable if the development hadn't been so rushed in wartime. The article hints at clever tactics he worked out; I haven't seen this in his books, but maybe it's in some of them I had to avoid due to cost (his out-of-print tends to run above retail price). P.S. edited in: I now see there are more interesting obits for him appearing on the web, calling him the world's best test pilot etc. As usual some of the most interesting info on his life is on youtube, if you can understand the thick Scottish accent when he talks.

July 2015 issue of Minerva Magazine had an article by David Sims about decorations in Roman armor and weapons. Especially looked into why nearly throw-away javelins, arrows, and plumbata (cool throwing darts) could have a twisted iron shaft... decoration or functional? Note the nearly 2 twists in the photo below: "A Twist in the Tale" article found they were cold-twisted, and thus increased the rigidity. The usual hot twisting for decoration reduces the rigidity, but up to 2 cold twists helps unless you go 4 more degrees and it will fracture. He determined this by experimentation with replicas. He went on to say that true decoration may or may not compromise functionality. For instance decorative helmets may be fragile, but were meant to intimidate the enemy with your confidence. Not a display of wealth or status among your own troops, because even the lowly paid sometimes got decorations of a cruder nature. He says so called "parade armor" was a myth; it was all for real use. They showed various photos of Roman armor held at the museum where I think the mag is based at. It made me think how even in recent centuries engraved guns have been popular, but not in an intimating way; rather more effeminate to my eye.

http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/winter-2015-2016/article/drones-for-research-use-of-the-uav-in-archaeology talks about once sat. photos or whatever identify looting areas, they can be monitored with drones. Not sure who can pay for this in general, but they describe monitoring a hot looting area in Jordan which became less active recently for reasons unknown. Maybe the drone pilot buzzed the bad guys up close.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160216-ted-prize-sarah-parcak-satellite-archaeology/ describes a new system to allow crowdsourcing volunteers to identify looting of archeo sites thru sat. photos. Their warnings will be relayed to gov'ts, which if not corrupt will blah, blah, blah. This system doesn't entirely assume good intentions, because the looting locations are slightly veiled to even the volunteer spotters. Archeologists have to tweet or whatever their activities to avoid being tagged as looters. New sites may be discovered that have no human visits yet. Looks like potential for abuse, like looting the sites by night by clever robbers who can ID locations by detective work or connections, but hope springs eternal...

Let me review some of my timid steps of using new consumer technology... nothing electronic, but more on the humble side: With tired looking bath tile and kitchen counters, I avoided the expense and trouble of replacement with some of those special purpose epoxy paints. As I feared, the finished look was a little uneven due to non-ideal temperatures and applicator tools. But the coverage of any porous grout and a few tile cracks gave a great waterproof and uniform look. The only drawback was the tile paint didn't stand up to the rare abrasion very well, but little problem for me because I was that rare person who didn't take the opportunity to change the color. A scrape is invisible and typically still waterproof. Oddly the (non-matching) counter paint is bulletproof from abrasion, something I was concerned about even tho I never chop stuff directly on the counter. There is one quirk which I just now realized may be my fault. The counter stains from food! A dot of tomato sauce or orange juice will be instantly tattooed on the surface. Well, it is very faint, but will take about a month of regular cleanings before that shadow disappears. I guess it is my fault due to sanding the results to give a uniform somewhat rustic look from the patches that were more or less glossy. It must be porous, so I guess I should wax it or something. Next challenge was my car battery dying between starts. Over time the alternator gets weak and various gadgets stay annoyingly active when the car is off. I had one of those jump start batteries that had lost it's oomph, so tracked down the few replacements that weren't already sold out from a nation's harsh winter. First tried one, then two small lithium batteries that plugs in a cig lighter. They are actually feeble chargers that can rarely give enough help, but turned out useful for locking or unlocking a trunk which can only be done electrically. Then I got a medium lead-acid jump start battery which sometime would do the job after couple minutes, but finally I had to buy a cheapo full size extra car battery with jump start cables. I normally wheel all 4 of these on a handcart to start the car! But the best help was couple dollar battery cutoff switch. I had tried to install the wrong kind long ago, but this new one did the trick. It was preassembled all wrong, probably due to a return before I got it, but after correction it almost negates the need for jump starts and may someday prevent a theft. The last new item was one of those Turkish pistol replicas that they use to fire blanks in the air during celebrations. They seem legal in any state other than NY, and even in Canada if it has a flare attachment. It is so fascinating because mine is a near twin to a real Beretta semiauto model which is made in Turkey anyway. Apparently it is legal in (eastern?) Europe for firing nonlethal tear gas or in Russia for rubber bullets. Anyway in my area gun ownership is extremely rare and I can hardly remember my only pistol experience on an old model 1911 automatic. Now thru handling the action, I can evaluate crime events with the more modern pistols. Even today a gov't employee reportedly shot thru adjoining offices when cleaning his Glock. I had heard how super safe they were due to NO manual safety (but 4 automatic safeties?) but how does this apply when cleaning them? BTW, there was little danger of hitting anybody because gov't employees here are eternally absent or on junkets. Today's news covered how great it was only 31% prison guards called in sick during super bowl rather than the usual more than a third. And how it was unavoidable due to monopoly gov't union rules - outrageous. Another advantage besides understanding crime reports (robbers with jammed guns, etc) was hand strength and dexterity issues. I sometimes have to rig and unrig sailboats for hours at a time until my fingers cramp up into distorted positions. Handling this pistol with it's stiff Turkish springs lets me for example compare right and left hands in the decocking process or whatever. My left really needs more exercise, for which this strange toy is the perfect exercise machine. BTW, I didn't get the more risky model that fires blanks forward - oddly enough my elementary school had a special presentation on how dangerous those can be to any finger or skull in the way.

It isn't necessarily smarter to use roman numerals; it can be evasive. When a movie or TV episode shows MCMXLVIII as a copyright date or whatever, the object apparently is to obscure casual readers into not realizing exactly how dated it is. Especially when the date may only appear for a microsecond... I read them backwards from right to left because the front numbers are easier to guess if they vanish before I finish parsing. I remember almost falling off my chair when first seeing an episode date of only "MM" or "MMX". The simple round number depictions don't succeed in being as veiled or pompous or ceremonious as intended. What drives me nuts is doing mental arithmetic when folks say the such-and-such century. The 8th century is the, um, er, 700's for example. And you can't just think the "real numbers" date for a given century is 100 years earlier because it works backwards (later) for BC. But I guess that is a concession to peak Roman times which can be referred to as the first century BC and AD for which there is no direct way in english to refer to those years. Nought-hundreds CE/BCE perhaps?

In 15 years, China is projected to have the most practicing Christians of any country. Much of the world growth is Protestant, and I think has an economic component. Besides core religious issues like the meaning of suffering, death, etc... I think Catholicism is seen in 3rd (and 2nd?) world countries as economically non-striving, mildly socialist, safety net kind of stoicism. Protestantism is more associated with economic self betterment thru entrepreneurial risk taking and networking. They see the developed countries as having achieved success thru the latter, although ending in secularism. Actually there were intermediate stages with secular betterment clubs like freemasons, rotarians, etc. So maybe the Protestant surge is a stage toward secularization!