ASCLEPIADES

Salve! Basically the same as GO (everything but #4). My order of preference would be 1-3-2. And fundamentally because I think in many ways we are still Romans. BTW, congratulations, Ursus. Nice job (as usual).

Salve, guys! Please check out this related recent thread: Perseid Meteor Shower. I hope you find it useful.

Salve, WA! Check out this thread about Roman Africa.

Nope, but it is at Asia Minor indeed.

Salve! Here are two very carefully analized documents about Hanno's Voyage: the first one by Livio Catullo Stecchini and the second (in fact, a series of 4 articles) by the omnipresent Jona Lendering.

Nope.

Non est, quod gratias agas, TMP

Non est, quod gratias agas, JPV

Lead pipes at Bath's (Roman) baths. The Romans' lead technology was impressive. They manufactured sheet lead by casting onto flat sand beds and had ingenious methods of rolling and jointing pipes which were the basis of their water-carrying systems. The amount of lead consumed by the Romans was extraordinary. In building the great aqueduct at Lyons it had been estimated that 12,000 tons of lead were used on just one of the siphon units Bibliography: Tyleco, R. F., "Roman lead working in Britain", Brit. J. Hist. Sci., 1964, (n. 5), pp. 39-40. Arrchison, L., "A History of Metals", London, 1960, vol. 1, p. 154.

He won at least some Sullan veteran soldiers, if not the officers. Cicero's II Catilinarian: "(Ch. 17)..For I will tell you, O Romans, of what classes of men those forces are made up, and then, if I can, I will apply to each the medicine of my advice and persuasion. (Ch. 20) There is a third class, already touched by age, but still vigorous from constant exercise; of which class is Mallius himself; whom Catiline is now succeeding. These are men of those colonies which Sulla established at Faesulae, which I know to be composed, on the whole, of excellent citizens and brave men; but yet these are colonists, who, from becoming possessed of unexpected and sudden wealth, boast themselves extravagantly and insolently;". I guess another valid question would be if Catiline's revolt was an authentic social war ("social" for "society", not for "socii"). If it was so, we should note that Cicero & co. got a complete military victory without any corrective measure for the likely social contributors for this rebellion (ie, veterans impoverishment) and presumably also for the eventual ascent of the first Triumvirate.

What I found about LA Seneca and Gaius (aka Caligula) is considerably different: Here comes Cassius Dio, "Roman History", Book LIX, Ch. 19, sec. 7-8: "On the other hand, Lucius Annaeus Seneca, who was superior in wisdom to all the Romans of his day and to many others as well, came near being destroyed, though he had neither done any wrong nor had the appearance of doing so, but merely because he pleaded a case well in the senate while the emperor was present. Gaius ordered him to be put to death, but afterwards let him off because he believed the statement of one of his female associates, to the effect that Seneca had a consumption in an advanced stage and would die before a great while." And here comes Suetonius, "Vita Caius", Ch. LIII, sec. 2: "...and he had such scorn of a polished and elegant style that he used to say that Seneca, who was very popular just then, composed "mere school exercises," and that he was "sand without lime"." I hope this stuff may be useful.

Salve, JPV! The half-bald guy at the left seems much better armoured, not only than his fellows on this slide, but also than the previous Celtic (Galatian) warrior (slide 17). Is he an officer? Oh, and BTW, X-cellent illustrations, as always.

Strictly speaking, "Inca" was the title of their ruler, like "Emperor" at Rome. The ethnic group is Quechua (their endonym is Runa, "people") and the official name of the "empire" was Tawantisuyu ("four regions").

Salve! Here is the pertinent chapter of UNRV for Pontifex maximus. And here is a similar chapter on the always informative site of Jona Lendering. They were a curious mix of priests and magistrates, almost half and half. Relative to other religious hierarchies, they were extremely democratic.

Right. Also, Sulla's restriction on the tribunate was abolished during (best I recall) the consulship of Catulus in 78, so the tribunate was again a stepping stone to highest office until Caesar. Here is an X-cellent essay from a previous contest that reviews the evolution of the tribunate by UNRV member Publius Nonius Severus.

Salve! And now, the biggest and most overlooked mistery: Who rated the mysteries for LiveScience ?

Another interesting related article: Neanderthal Man Was An Innovator

Salve! Probably the archetypical list of battles that had a significant impact on world history were the famous Victorian book of Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World: from Marathon to Waterloo (1851). The original list is: The Battle of Marathon, 490 BC Defeat of the Athenians at Syracuse, 413 BC, known as the Battle of Syracuse. The Battle of Gaugamela or Arbela, 331 BC The Battle of the Metaurus, 207 BC Victory of Arminius over the Roman Legions under Varus, 9 AD Known as the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. The Battle of Chalons, 451 AD Also called the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields or the Battle of the Catalun. The Battle of Tours or Poitiers, 732 AD The Battle of Hastings, 1066 AD Joan of Arc's Victory over the English at Orl

That's only true until you get into any specific year's entrails (assuming of course you have access to the sources). We love gossip!

You're right, you're wrong; it's not Phocaea.

CJ Caesar might have been a scoundrel, but he was certainly not a depressed scoundrel, at least by any clinical acceptation of the term; any swing he may have had on his mood ("affective status") was clearly never disruptive to any significant degree for his social functioning and/or activities of daily living. We can reasonably infer so because making oneself dictator for life has never been an easy task and has always required considerable social abilities. The same can be said about the possibility of additional psychopathology; vg, narcissism, even if it is enormous, is simply a personality trait and not pathological per se, unless you can attribute to it significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. You must be always very cautious to attribute any kind of criminal activity even to well-established psychopathology if you have evidence of alternative rational explanations; vg, economic or political ambition.

I totally agree. For example, TQ Flaminius was only worshipped by the citizens of one polis, Chalcis of Euboea... (but for a very long time!)

I never said an army had been assembled, I said a small band of men had armed themselves. You said yourself that Catiline was surrounded by some 300 conspiritators, does 300 men qualify as an army ? I'm not so sure it does. Maybe both of you would want to add a zero and some cohorts to that figure. Here comes Sallust, "Bellum Catlina", Book LVI "During these proceedings at Rome, Catiline, out of the entire force which he himself had brought with him, and that which Mallius had previously collected, formed two legions, filling up the cohorts as far as his number would allow;and afterward, as any volunteers, or recruits from his confederates, arrived in his camp, he distributed them equally throughout the cohorts, and thus filled up his legions, in a short time, with their regular number of men, though at first he had not more than two thousand." Catiline might have been a scoundrel, but surely a popular scoundrel (especially if you considered all of this was after four eloquent Catilinarias and some nice executions).