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I had long believed that the Roman Empire exerted full control over Egypt from the time of Augustus until the late Empire, possibly extending as far as the Vandal invasion in the fifth century. The informative article below discusses Egypt during the Roman era and explains that Egypt ceased to be the "breadbasket of Rome" after a revolt led by the Egyptian priest Isidorus in AD 172-173. The unsuccessful revolt, known as the Bucolic revolt, resulted from tax issues and cultural resistance against the Romans and had a lasting detrimental impact on the Egyptian economy. https://the-past.com/feature/palmyra-blemmyes-diocletian-and-egypt/ See Cassius Dio “Roman History” Book LXXII https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidorus#:~:text=According to the Roman historian,marshes of the Nile Delta. It appears that after the revolt, the gain supply to Rome resumed. This new supply, however, seems to have been neither as reliable or plentiful. Unforfortunately, there appears to be very little written on the revolt and its effect on the Egyptian economy.

Researchers at a Mayan ball court in Mexico have identified plant types using environmental DNA (since the plants are rarely preserved in the tropical climate). These plants are known for either their medicinal and possible hallucinogenic properties. Discovered was the morning glory plant, for example, which contains tryptamine as well as lysergic acid amide that is chemically similar to LSD. The seeds of the morning glory plant are used for its psychedelic or hallucinogenic effects. https://hightimes.com/news/psychedelic-plants-found-in-ancient-mayan-ballcourt/amp/ https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0301497 Frontiers | Paleoecological Studies at the Ancient Maya Center of Yaxnohcah Using Analyses of Pollen, Environmental DNA, and Plant Macroremains (frontiersin.org)

Here’s a video on the find:

A recently excavated Roman shipwreck off the shore of Mallorca, Spain from the 4th century AD had uncovered around 300 amphorae. (I believe the post below is about the original find in 2019.) Only now have the contents of the amphorae been examined. Some amphorae had wine and others suspected olive oil. Many contained a substance residue thought to be a fish sauce distinct from garum . A coin at the wreck depicts Constantine the Great, dating the find at the earliest to the early AD 300s. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12520-024-01952-3 https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/romans/1700-year-old-roman-shipwreck-was-stuffed-to-the-gills-with-fish-sauce-when-it-sank#:~:text=The Ses Fontanelles wreck lies,after a storm in 2019. Fish sauce, new amphora type identified on Roman wreck – The History Blog Shipwreck seen from above with amphorae: Note: There is great confusion about garum and liquamen since these term have been used interchangeably but they probably are distinct entities. (See article below) Garum and Liquamen, What’s in a Name? | Journal of Maritime Archaeology (springer.com)

There have been previous posts about Roman finds at Alderney, one of the Channel Islands located between England and France (see below). A bronze coin of Valens (reigned between AD 364-378) has been discovered on the island. Alderney was the site of a Roman fortress. Below is an artist impression of the site during the Roman era: https://www.bbc.com/articles/cpegg5397wlo

Archaeologists have found a suspected Roman villa and an indoor pool dating from AD 1-400 in the city of Durrës, Albania. Durrës is a port city on the Adriatic. Above is evidence of the mosaic floor that was uncovered. Durrës is already well known for its Roman amphitheater. https://amp.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article288475115.html Location of Durrës, Albania on the map.

Excavations in Pompeii have uncovered political graffiti on the outer walls throughout the city. Recent excavations in the Regio IX area have also revealed graffiti on the interior of a house (refer to the photo above). There have been earlier posts regarding the excavations in the Regio IX area (see below). https://www.archaeology.org/issues/552-2405/digs/12298-dd-italy-pompeii-propoganda

Here is an interesting article about the Greek foundations of the important Roman “Twelve Tables” of laws. The Twelve Tables, formalized in 449 BCE, outline the rights and duties of Roman citizens. They provide civil rights for both patricians and plebeians. Ancient Roman historians and jurists believe they resulted from a social struggle between patricians and plebeians. The Twelve Tables later influenced Byzantine law and even James Madison in crafting the Bill of Rights. https://greekreporter.com/2024/05/13/overlooked-greek-foundations-roman-law/

A Domus, now named Domus del Vicus Tuscus, was first discovered in 2018. It is located between the Palantine Hill and the Roman Forum and dates to the late Republican period. Archaeologists have unearthed a wall covered with a mosaic, consisting of various types of shells, Egyptian blue tessarae, and tiny flakes of white marble. One of the images on the wall are stacks of weapons and the Celtic carnyx (trumpets). After archaeological studies are complete, this site will be accessible to the public. https://www.thisiscolossal.com/2024/01/colosseum-domus-mosaic/ Here is a previous thread about the Celtic carnyx:

This is a case report of a 77 year-old man from Wisconsin (upper Midwest United States) who contracted Leprosy (Hansen’s disease). His travel history over the last two decades includes Mississippi, Arkansas, Alaska, Hawaii, Canada, and Ireland. He denies exposure to armadillos or red squirrels. The cause of his disease was M. lepromatosis (and not M. leprae which is found only in armadillos). M. lepromatosis has only been detected in red squirrels found in England, Ireland, and Scotland. This is thought to be the first modern documented case of zoonotic (from animals to human) spread of leprosy, possibly from red squirrels in Ireland. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10874168/

Thinking about this some more, I think in Rome that many (if not most) sporting and entertainment events were sponsored by either politicians or businessmen who were trying to enhance their prestige. Their support would be both recognized and appreciated by the masses. I am not sure these vested interests would have advertised their support as blatantly as the newsreader from the series “Rome,” however. “This was brought to you by the Capitoline Brotherhood of Millers that uses only the finest flour. True Roman bread for true Romans.”

The three lead ingots from various perspectives An analysis of three first century AD Roman-era lead ingots has been untaken. They were found in Belmez, Córdoba in Spain at Los Escoriales de Doña Rama. Most lead ingots are usually found at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, the result of a shipwreck. Unusually, after these ingots were analyzed, it was found that these ingots were found at the site where they had been manufactured. https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/05/three-roman-era-lead-ingots-found-at-a-site-in-southern-spain-that-may-have-housed-a-mine-smelting-facility-and-processing-area/ https://www.archaeology.org/news/12385-240510-spain-roman-lead https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/05/240507145609.htm

We have had a few previous posts about Roman archaeological finds in the Cotswolds area. Above are some Cupid figurines and below is a nail clipper, some of the more recent Roman finds (see article). These are among the many items that will go on display soon. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjq5p100exzo

Here are more pictures of the site: Ancient Rome breakthrough as scientists make huge discovery near Mount Vesuvius (msn.com)

Here’s a short video on the find and another article. This lump of Tyrian purple is thought to be related to the imperial court of Septimius Severus during his stay in Britain. There was some previous evidence of the Imperial Court in Carlisle: https://arkeonews.net/incredibly-rare-tyrian-purple-discovered-at-carlisle-roman-bathhouse/ https://www.cumberland.gov.uk/news/2024/rare-roman-discovery-found-carlisle

We have had many previous posts on military standards and images before (see posts below). Here is possibly the best video summarizing these:

The dodecahedron found in Lincolnshire is bigger than I thought. Here’s a quick news clip about it’s going on display. Its mystery continues.

It was know for several years that red squirrels were a host for leprosy. it is only recently, however, that genomic studies (looking at complete DNA sequences) of both Medieval squirrels and human skeletons of that era were examined. It showed a direct link between red squirrels and human leprosy in the Middle Ages. The consumption of red squirrel meat and using squirrel fur promoted this zoonotic (spread from animals to people) infection. It is known that in some areas of Texas and Louisiana armadillos were shown to be infected by leprosy more than 15% of the time. A recent outbreak of leprosy in Florida has been directly tied to armadillos. There is some concern that “armadillos may contaminate soil with the leprosy bacteria by burrowing and defecating, infecting humans who later handle soil.” (See article below) One study in Brazil showed that more than 60% of armadillos harbored leprosy. Here is a picture of a man in nearby Ecuador preparing armadillo meat. Brazil is known to have 11.6% of the cases of leprosy worldwide. (India by far has the largest number of cases.) https://epi.ufl.edu/2023/10/16/leprosy-in-florida-medical-experts-monitoring-unusual-new-cases-of-hansens-disease/ https://theconversation.com/humans-gave-leprosy-to-armadillos-now-they-are-giving-it-back-to-us-99915

A red squirrel infected with leprosy (Hansen’s disease) causing infiltration and destruction of this animal’s ear. There is genetic evidence of M. leprae infection in Medieval English red squirrels. “The medieval red squirrel strain we recovered is more closely related to medieval human strains from the same city than to strains isolated from infected modern red squirrels.” Despite being a host for leprosy, it is uncertain whether squirrels were an animal vector for human leprosy infection during the Middle Ages. These findings support the theory that leprosy was transmitted by squirrel fur trade, however. In the Southern USA, armadillos are both a reservoir of leprosy (Hansen’s disease) and a frequent vector of human leprosy cases in the South. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)00446-9 https://www.sciencenews.org/article/british-red-squirrels-serve-leprosy-reservoir https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/05/240503111918.htm

There have been a few posts on either the important Tyrian purple dye or Roman excavations near Carlisle, England (see posts below). Recent excavations at Carlisle have found a soft purple mass. Recent studies have revealed that it is made of beeswax and bromine. Researchers suggest that this represents a solid sample of Tyrian purple dye, possibly a unique finding in Roman archaeology. This expensive and coveted dye was available only to the elite of the Roman world. According to the article, the rare dye was made from the glands of a marine snail and about 12,000 were needed to obtain less than 2g of pigment. https://www.newsweek.com/archaeologists-find-rare-item-worth-more-romans-weight-gold-1897206 https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjje132jvygo#

Here are some pictures of the exhibit from Maridvnvm (from cointalk.com and forumancientcoins.com). The descriptions are from the pictures. Britain, British Museum, Exhibition 2024 - Legion: life in the Roman Army - crocodile armour Some Roman soldiers participated in local religions – Terentianus was keen to report his piety. Crocodile-worship was common in Egypt. This crocodile scalp could be a ritual headdress, or a local adaptation of the fierce lion and bear hoods worn by Roman standard bearers. The tough leather of the crocodile skin resembles the texture of scale body armour, and leather protection might have sufficed for some soldiers. Alternatively, it was perhaps worn under metal armour for cushioning, adding flexible hip and shoulder protection. Made of Crocodile leather Probably found in Manfalut, Egypt Dating to A.D. 200–400 Part of British Museum collection, 1846,0501.9 Britain, British Museum, Exhibition 2024 - Legion: life in the Roman Army - chainmail This deceptively simple looking armour is a chainmail shirt, found in the barracks of a fort on Hadrian's Wall. It probably belonged to a soldier of the 5th cohort of Gauls, an auxiliary unit raised in the area including modern France. The individual rings are 7 mm wide and were fixed by riveting alternating rows, making it painstaking and expensive to produce. Made of Iron Found at Arbeia fort, Tyne and Wear, England Dating to A.D. 200–300 On loan from Arbeia, South Shields Roman Fort https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=lastup&cat=-1262 Britain, British Museum, Exhibition 2024 - Legion: life in the Roman Army - bronze Draco By the A.D.100s, a distinctive windsock-like standard especially suited to being wielded from the saddle had been adopted from Rome's Sarmatian foes – the draco. This bronze standard head originally had a tube of colourful materials attached. Carried by a draconarius, the material trailed behind the rider, blown by the breeze and emitting a whistling sound to suggest the fearsome beast's howl. Its pole was attached through two holes on the top and bottom of the head. Found in Niederbieber, Germany Dating to 190 A.D. –260 A.D. On loan from GDKE – Direktion Landesarchäologie Außenstelle Koblenz https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=lastupby&cat=0&pid=187511&uid=618#top_display_media

During a discussion of the recent orange Sahara dust storm (Sirocco) that swept through Greece, Caesar Novus found this excellent map showing the various winds that impact the Mediterranean (see below). We probably underestimate the effect that climate events had on ancient history. For example, the Bora wind storm changed the course of Roman history in September AD 394 at the Battle of Frigidus. During the battle, Theodosius won the battle and defeated the usurpers Eugenius and Arbogast. A strong Bora wind impacted the battle at a pivotal point. During the battle, the hurricane-strength Bora winds blew directly in the faces of the usurpers, disrupting their lines. According to legend, the fierce winds blew the usurper troops' arrows back on themselves. The winds could also have affected the accuracy of the usurpers' pila. After winning the battle, Theodosius executed the usurpers Eugenius and Arbogast. With his victory, Theodosius unified the Empire and snuffed out the dying embers of Paganism. Naturally, Theodosius attributed these seasonal winds to divine intervention. Here is a short clip of the Bora winds on the streets of Trieste a few years ago. These winds can go above 200 km/hour (124 miles/hour): A previous post on the recent Sahara dust storm Battle of the Frigidus - Wikipedia

We have had many posts on the mysterious dodecahedron (see below). Here is a fascinating video on one theory: It was used as a tool to knit gold wire for jewelry. Well worth a watch: Note: There have been at least 116 dodecahedrons found in the Roman Empire: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Interestingly, none have been in the Roman heartland in Italy. They are always found north of the Alps. I’m not sure of the significance of this fact. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_dodecahedron

There have been numerous posts about LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) technology (see post below) and its use to uncover ancient sites. Below is an article that summarizes 32 ancient and modern sites uncovered with the aid of LiDAR technology. https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/times-lasers-revealed-hidden-forts-and-settlements-from-centuries-ago

These are the views I get. I don’t see the log-out option, either.