Ingsoc

Funny that you mention this, in the ancient Jewish sources the Roman emperor is often called a "King". It's seem that some of the people which lived under the empire rule were also confused on this subject. I also believe the Greeks referred to Roman emperors as Basileus, which means king or sovereign. This king=emperor thing may be true from point of view of other cultures who had long histories under kings and even some very positive experiences at that....Greece being more subjective with their independent city-states, but Romans hated kings. I am not familiar enough with the later Empire to speak for it, but at least in the earlier Empire it was certainly not a good thing to be called a king! From the point of view of Romans, this interchangeability is not cool. Then again, I don't recall any emperor exactly rebuking any non-Roman for calling them king. Maybe it all comes down to giving allowance for other cultures and a double standard where one thing is not acceptable in Rome but is outside? While Caesar wasn't a Princeps some ancient authors like Suetonius saw his as the founder the imperial power in Rome. Founder, perhaps yes, and I can agree well enough. There is a distinct but subtle enough line dividing Caesar's position with what could be considered the role of an emperor, a line which remains irrevocably important. Or at least in my mind. I suppose I've created a small pet peeve about it. You are correct of course, my point is that most books are refer to Rome from a very "legal" and "official" point of view that was could be understand by the Roman aristocracy but probably wasn't shared by the masses who lived under Roman rule.

I think you simplified the matter, all Romans understand that Greek culture is superior to their own and some did become Hellenophilic but some like Cato the Elder had a more ambivalent view, on the one hand as I say he appreciate the Greek culture but on the other hand he hated the contemporary Greek and thought that if Rome would absorb too much of the Greeks it's would hurt the Mos Maiorum and in the end led to the weaken of the Roman state.

Funny that you mention this, in the ancient Jewish sources the Roman emperor is often called a "King". It's seem that some of the people which lived under the empire rule were also confused on this subject. While Caesar wasn't a Princeps some ancient authors like Suetonius saw his as the founder the imperial power in Rome.

As far as I remember Jospehus doesn't mention Gallio. The Oxford Classical dictionary give a reference to a Greek inscription (Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum 3 2. 801) mentioning Gallio governorship in Achae. Extremely unlikely, Cleopatra Selene was married to the Mauritian king Juba I. it's possible she and her children were Roman citizens (at the time the clients royalty held Roman citizenship) but it's unlikely that one of them would be appointed to an official job, no matter how minor.

Problem solved, Thanks!

In the past the main motivation to the space program was the competition with the USSR, both states saw themselves as the leading powers in the world and if you are the leading power you need to be first at every field. The Soviets launch the first man to outer space so the American wanted to be the first on the moon. I would say that "glory" as you put it (I would used the word "prestige") is an essential to the image of a powerful nation that want to be the leading power in the world. If China would increase it's space program it's could very well cause to the USA to do the same.

It's seem to be some change in the board system, in the past when I click of a topic I get to view the first post + the 15 immediate replies, now when I click on a topic I get to see only the first post and need to click on every single replay in order to view it. This is extremly annoying :) could you turn the system back to the way it was please?

Happy Birthday :)

Tiberius was left handed. "He was large and strong of frame, and of a stature above the average; broad of shoulders and chest; well proportioned and symmetrical from head to foot. His left hand was the more nimble and stronger, and its joints were so powerful that he could bore through a fresh, sound apple with his finger, and break the head of a boy, or even a young man, with a fillip." (Suetonius, Life of Tiberius, 68)

Yes it's seem that in the republic it's was not customary to grow beards. "4. That it was an inherited custom of Publius Africanus and other distinguished men of his time to shave their beard and cheeks. 1 I found it stated in books which I read dealing with the life of Publius Scipio Africanus, that Publius Scipio, the son of Paulus, after he had celebrated a triumph because of his victory over the Carthaginians and had been censor, was accused before the people by Claudius Asellius, tribune of the commons, whom he had degraded from knighthood during his censorship; and that Scipio, although he was under accusation, neither ceased to shave his beard and to wear white raiment nor appeared in the usual garb of those under accusation. 2 But since it is certain that at that time Scipio was less than forty years old, I was surprised at the statement about shaving his beard. 3 I have learned, however, that in those same times the other nobles shaved their beards at that time of life, and that is why we see many busts of early men represented in that way, men who were not very old, but in middle life." (Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae, 3.4)

I believe this poem was lost, we may have a fragment of two lines from it however this is disputed.

I'm actually think that the EU is develop to a kind of 21nd century Austro-Hungary, a huge multi-national state that controlled by a bureaucracy at the capital and that every nation could find it's "place" but it's predominate by the large nations (Germans, French, British).

You need to upload it to external sever (like http://imageshack.us/) and then put the link that you receive.

It's obvious that the emperor had the various slave staff that was in every rich house. there were some freedmen who were employed in an administrative positions and in the early years there was alot of importand to the praetorian prefect Burrus and Nero tutor Seneca. if you want to know more read Tacitus' Annals and Suetonius' life of Nero. And if you write a novel about Nero you have to include Petronius! "Petronius calls for a brief retrospect. He was a man whose day was passed in sleep, his nights in the social duties and amenities of life: others industry may raise to greatness

That much is obvious. I mean, would you register at a discussion board dealing with Ancient Rome only to have your first post on such un-Roman subject as cat urine?

Latin has the same declination forms, I'm assuming it was the source for the ones use by the Germans. However I'm curious about something, several days ago I spoke to a friend who speak German and he claim that the Austrian dialect of German is so distinct from the regular language that is spoken in Germany that when Austrians are on the German TV it's put subtitles so the German audience could understand them. he also mention some reform that to simplified German that was limited to the borders of the German Republic. considering all this, how much Austrian German is still the "regular" German that is spoken across the border?

I'm not surprise as this entire newspaper ("The Guardian") is filled with ridicules rubbish.

You nit picking again of course the word "merciless" doesn't exist in Hebrew but if I would write "חסרי רחמים" which is it's Hebrew equivalent nobody on this board would understand.

Congratulation! have a cool day

You could discuss the political meaning of Nero artistic pretensions.

Jerusalem

Tarragona?

Germanicus was indeed love by the urban masses in Rome, however in my opinion the fact that he became the darling of the masses doesn't mean in any way that he was a great general or statesman. and one can only wonder if he wpuld still maintain his popularity if he wasn't died so young? Tacitus is a good historian, however it's important to make a different between the facts and his own opinions regarding them. In the case of Tiberius Tacitus doesn't miss the chance to make his look like a villain. See for example this passage: "The news both relieved and disquieted Tiberius. He was thankful that the rising had been crushed; but that Germanicus should have earned the good-will of the troops by his grants of money and acceleration of discharges