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    Galatia

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    The territory in modern central Turkey known as Galatia was an oddity in the eastern world. It was originally home of the ancient civilization of the Hittites, but came to be occupied by Gallic Celts in the 3rd century BC, hence Galatia, or ?Gallia of the East.? The Gauls had migrated east and south during the reign of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC, but he held them off and pushed them back towards the Danube. A couple of generation later, around 280 BC, the Gauls were on the move again, first settling in Thracia and then continuing south into Macedonia and Greece.

     

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    Caesar's Civil War

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    Caesar's Civil War
    When Caesar crossed the Rubicon the Senate finally realized that they had made a terrible mistake. The mistake wasn?t in letting the situation get that far, but in that they believed the Roman and Italian people would rally to defend the Republican system. What they failed to understand was that the people had little trust in the Senate and that Caesar had won them over through his popular agenda while in political office. Caesar?s great propaganda campaign, his books ?Bellum Gallicum (the Gallic Wars)? endeared the people even more to their almost mythical hero, and the Senate?s cause in Italy was lost. Unable to levy armies, or develop a meaningful resistance, the Senate, and Pompey had little choice but to take their business out of Rome and into Greece. It was here, and further east, where Pompey held considerable sway, where the Senate hoped to raise armies and defeat Caesar...
     
     
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    Italia

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    Italia, being the home of the city of Rome itself, was of course the first step towards establishing Rome as a Mediterranean power. Long after the Etruscan Kings had been thrown out of Rome and the Republic was established, the Roman people would inevitable come into conflict with their immediate neighbors. The conquest, and assimilation of the Italian tribes, was the vital building block that would eventually establish Roman hegemony throughout the western world.
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    Crossing the Rubicon

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    Crossing the Rubicon
    After Caesar spent 51 BC and the better part of 50 BC touring his newly conquered province of Gaul, political chaos was developing back in Rome. The optimates despised Caesar and his conquests and looked for every opportunity to strip him of his command. These conquests not only brought in a great number of slaves, but brought so much monetary wealth into Rome, that the value of gold was actually reduced by as much as ? or even 1/3 of its value before the wars. Though the common people noticed little effect, and loved Caesar, the optimates had a great deal to lose from this devaluation of their wealth. That was only one small piece of the puzzle, however. Caesar?s original Consulship in 59 BC was one in which he not only thwarted optimate interests but pushed forward a populares agenda that made life miserable for the conservative Senate...
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    Siege of Alesia

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    The Siege of Alesia, Caesar's double-walled circumvallation of Vercingetorix and his Gallic army, was one of the most brilliant and spectacular tactics in the history of warfare. Caesar's victory at Alesia essentially guaranteed total victory in Gaul, and the subjegation of the people for the remainder of the Roman empire.
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    Battle of Gergovia

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    After taking Avaricum and supplying his legions with badly needed sustenance, Caesar began to move against the main body of Gallic resistance. In the early summer Labienus was sent with 4 legions against the Senones and Parisii, and Caesar pursued Vercingetorix with the 6 remaining legions accompanied by Aedui auxilia and Germanic cavalry. Following the Allier River, Vercingetorix marched ahead of the Roman host, destroying bridges as they went to delay the pursuit. Near the hill fort of Gergovia, with favorable ground for a defensive stand, Vercingetorix stopped and prepared to meet Caesar...
     
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    Roman Slavery

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    Roman Slavery was an important part of the ancient world, and it was an integral piece of daily life and the economy. Though slavery was practiced all over the Mediterranean, and was abundant in the east, its impact in other places was not felt nearly as much as it was in Rome and her Empire. As the Romans consolidated their position on the Italian peninsula and began the systematic conquest of the Mediterranean region, millions of slaves were incorporated into Rome and the Italian countryside.
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    Vercingetorix

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    As a result of the Revolt in Gaul, one Gallic chieftan stepped into the forefront of unified resistance to Caesar. Vercingetorix was a young Arverni chieftan who brought the revolt under the command of a single leader, effectively making him the first, and last, King of Gaul.
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    Judaea - Palaestina

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    Roman influence in the near eastern provinces of Judaea and Syria Palaestina first came to major fruition with the conquests of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great). In 64 BC, the Jews had maintained nearly 2 centuries of independent rule from various eastern nations, but internal struggles and succession issues after the death of King Alexander Jannaeus threatened the stability. His sons, Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, as well as other political and religious factions, all vied for the Judean crown, and they eventually sought mediation from the great Roman conqueror Pompey...
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