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    Consuls 4th Century BC

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    Continuing the list of Roman Consuls, we've added the second page of several, covering the 4th century BC. Of interesting note was the emergence of rule under the military tribunes for several years, and repeat service as Consul for various men. While we hear little of constitutional irregularity for men such as C. Sulpicius Peticus or L. Papirius Cursor, who both served 5 times, in later periods such practices helped bring about the fall of the Republic.

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    Persusine War

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    Perusine War
    In early 41 BC, Octavian returned to Italy from Philippi and was hard at work attempting to settle 40,000 veterans. He had a major problem in this task: a promise made that the legionaries would receive rich and fertile land around 18 major cities in Italy. This was an issue because the current inhabitants would have to be displaced, certainly a cause for serious social disorder....
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    Ancient Roman Wine

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    Ancient Roman Wine
    Of the many contributions the Romans made to the world, both ancient and of those passed on to modern society, perhaps the most lasting was the art of wine (vinum) making. Wild grapes, though now nearly extinct, grew in abundance throughout the Mediterranean and were cultivated in earnest throughout the region. The Etruscans and Greeks were the preeminent wine consumers in Italy prior to the rise of Rome, and though wine was an important part of the Roman diet, it didn?t become the cultural icon of their society from the very start....
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    Philippi

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    Philippi
    In 42 BC, Octavian and Antony combined their forces, 28 legions in total, and sailed across the Adriatic and into Greece. The ?Liberators? Brutus and Cassius had 19 of their own legions, which were heavily supplemented by auxilia provided by eastern client kingdoms. Brutus and Cassius had been plundering and taking control of the east for nearly two full years since the murder of Caesar. Despite having an army made up largely of Caesar?s former troops, they used this plunder and distributed it among the men to secure their loyalty....
     
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    Roman Consuls 5th Century BC

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    Thanks to Varro, and other ancient sources, we've been passed a complete (if somewhat flawed) list of Roman Consuls. Though the earliest part of the list has some inaccuracy, it highlights the top magisterial position of ancient Rome from beginning to end.
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    Second Triumvirate

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    Second Triumvirate
    After forcing through his own political agenda in Rome, the situation with Antony was still precarious. Antony had reached Gaul and gathered strength from the legions stationed there. Together with Lepidus in Spain, the two were a formidable force. Octavian, despite having considerable strength himself, would be hard pressed to meet that challenge alone. By passing a law that found all the members of Caesar?s assassination plot to be guilty of a capital crime, he certainly couldn?t count on any support from that quarter, not that he wanted it....
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    Praetorian Guard

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    Praetorian Guard
    Evolving from the concept of a Legionary Legate?s personal bodyguard, under Augustus, the Praetorian Guard was established as the same, but instead were directly attached to the Emperor. The headquarters of the legion, or praetorium provided the namesake, and the practice was simply altered to encompass a much broader spectrum....
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    Prelude to War

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    Prelude to War
    As Antony marched north to besiege Decimus Brutus in Cisalpine Gaul, Octavian, armed with the support of both Cicero and the Senate, readied his forces to follow. Having garnered the support of Cicero, though it was thought to be for the best interest of the Republic, Octavian actually secured his position as a political player of some importance. Despite attempts by the Senate to try and reconcile all the opposing factions, there was little chance now for resolution by peace....
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    Hibernia

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    Hibernia, Ancient Ireland as it was named by the Romans, existed as a relatively isolated corner of Celtic culture during the Roman era. Hibernia, however, had a long standing pre-Celtic culture dating back to 6000 BC. A race of what some relate to the Pictish tribes of Scotland, called the Fir Bolg, dominated the island in Ireland?s stone to late Iron Age periods. The first Celts arrived from mainland Europe, via Britain, likely beginning around 600 BC, and after a slow migratory trickle, began to flood the island between 350 and 150 BC. Bringing an advanced Iron Age culture, in comparison to Ireland?s earlier inhabitants, the Celtic culture slowly surpassed the previous one and the Celts were dominant by the first century BC...
     
    By the way, Happy Thanksgiving to our American visitors.
     
     
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    Caesar?s Heir

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    Caesar's Heir
    On March 15, 44 BC, the Roman world was shaken to it?s foundation with the assassination of Julius Caesar. Though the effect would prove to be staggering, (ie the plunge into yet another devastating civil war), no Roman was as profoundly effected as Gaius Octavius. Nearly 19 years old, Octavian was studying in Apollonia and awaiting the start of Caesar?s next campaign against Parthia. Octavian?s plan to join this campaign came to a crashing halt with the murder of his great uncle, and two equally possible roads soon opened to the young man....
     
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