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The Battle of Alalia was a Pyrrhic victory for the Greeks in 540 BCE. In a naval battle off the coast of Corsica, the Greeks defeated a combined Etruscan and Carthaginian force. Despite their victory, the weakened Greek forces were soon compelled to withdraw from the area. The Greeks later escaped to southern Italy, where they brought some of their spoils of victory. A recent excavation at Velia, near Paestum in southern Italy, south of Naples, uncovered weapons and other fascinating artifacts, including an Etruscan helmet. These discoveries are believed to date back to the Battle of Alalia. https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2022/02/01/helmets-arms-from-battle-of-alalia-found-at-velia_e9385207-5c62-4383-9222-127ca87c0222.html https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alalia Here is a similar Etruscan helmet found at the Etruscan necropolis of Vulci, which is 75 miles from Rome. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.laprensalatina.com/unusual-inscription-found-inside-2400-year-old-etruscan-helmet/amp/

Has anyone come across any papers or books on violent street crime/ organized crime in ancient Rome. There may just be little literary evidence of it, but I can only imagine an honor based society, aggressive, and hyper-masculine with no real police force would be pretty lawless. I can only assume you had to meet violence with violence, and gather friends around you who would back you up. And it seems like the only protection you had was not to be a easy target. And as far as I can see, you had to get your own revenge for a murdered family member, or have some connections. It also seems to me that in this environment the patronage system could sometimes end up working like modern organized crime. Anyone have insights or resources on this topic?

I'd love to read a systemized research book on this topic too. Many modern researchers seem to give an extremely gullible view on the ancient world, as if it was run by gods almost and everything was arranged in perfect order, so people would sniff flowers under the blue sky and play badminton. They were killing each other on the forum in the center of the city next to the building of their senate, and crowds were watching this all day long! The number of people that fell victim on the arena of Colloseum is estimated as 200,000 at least (wild animals are not even included in the calcs). They got only 25% emperors who died by natural death, meaning that there was a 3:1 chance to be murdered. They got pirates all over the place in the mediterranean. They even burnt their old senate building, and noone could do nothing. In fact, before Numa Pompilius they officially practised human sacrifices. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Crime_and_punishment_in_ancient_Rome

Thanks.