Historical Background
Founding and Early History
Ostia Antica was a significant port city of ancient Rome, located near the Tiber River. According to legend, it was founded by Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome, who ruled the Roman Kingdom between 640 and 616 BC. The establishment of Ostia played a crucial role in shaping the trade and economy of the fledgling city.
Role in the Roman Republic
During the Roman Republic, Ostia served as Rome's principal port and harbor, linking it to the wider Mediterranean world. The port city took part in some remarkable historical events, such as the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.
A turning point in Ostia's history came in 68 BC, when pirates attacked the city, destroyed the consular naval war fleet, and set the town on fire. As a result, unprecedented powers were given to Pompey the Great, who raised an army under the lex Gabinia law, defeated the pirates, and restored the city.
Shift to Empire and the Construction of Nearby Portus
Later, during the Roman Imperial period, Ostia continued to play a vital role as Rome's main harbor. The city grew in size and complexity, with the construction of numerous buildings, such as warehouses, docks, and temples.
Ostia also played a crucial role in supplying grain to the capital, ensuring Rome's food security to keep the population fed. Granaries were present to store large quantities of grain, which was a staple food for the Roman Empire.
The city also had an impressive lighthouse to guide ships towards the port. Moreover, various shops dotted the city, catering to the needs of the inhabitants and the traders who frequented the port.
In the 1st century AD, Emperor Claudius sought to supplement the by now burgeoning and struggling to cope Ostia by constructing a new artificial harbor called Portus about 2.5 miles away. Portus quickly became the main port of ancient Rome, as it provided a conduit for various imports such as glass, ceramics, marble, slaves, and even wild animals for the games and entertainment.
After a devastating storm in 62 AD that led to the loss of about 200 ships in the harbor, Emperor Trajan expanded Portus by adding a second harbor in the early 2nd century AD. Trajan's addition featured a landlocked inner basin, which was connected to the original harbor built by Claudius.
The most significant feature of Portus is its hexagonal basin, which served as the central harbor, increasing the port's capacity and functional efficiency.
Decline and Abandonment
Despite its significance during the Republic and Imperial periods of Roman history, Ostia faced several challenges that led to its decline and eventual abandonment.
In the 4th century AD, changes in the course of the Tiber River, coupled with the growth of the river delta, led to Ostia's distance from the Mediterranean coast increasing. This drastically reduced its use as a port city, and forced Rome to rely on other harbors such as the previously mentioned Portus, and Civitavecchia, a port to the north-west of Rome around 45 miles along the coast from Ostia.
In addition to these geographical changes, the decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of new maritime powers in the Mediterranean also contributed to the diminishing importance of Ostia.
Life in Ancient Ostia
Economic Activities
Although it was home to a military naval base, ancient Ostia primarily functioned as a commercial hub for importing goods and grain to feed the Roman population. As the city grew to house around 50,000 inhabitants in the 2nd century AD, various economic activities took place in the bustling city.
Trade and commerce led to the establishment of diverse businesses, including shops and marketplaces.
The Piazzale delle Corporazioni was a significant economic center in ancient Ostia that housed numerous offices and guilds. Business professionals, such as merchants, shipowners, and artisans, conducted their activities in this area.
The thriving economy of Ostia also facilitated the construction of vital infrastructures such as granaries, which served as storage facilities for grain supplies.
Social and Cultural Dynamics
The social and cultural dynamics of ancient Ostia were greatly influenced by its diverse population. Wealthier and higher-class citizens resided in multi-story residential buildings with elaborate frescoes adorning their walls. These frescoes offer a glimpse into the lives of the elite in ancient Ostia, demonstrating their refined tastes in art and luxury.
The synagogue discovered in Ostia Antica highlights the presence of a Jewish community in the ancient port city. This discovery sheds light on the cultural and religious diversity that once existed in Ostia. The city also boasted several public spaces like baths and theaters, which facilitated social interactions and entertainment among citizens.
Religious Practices
Religious practices in ancient Ostia were diverse, with the population worshiping a variety of gods and goddesses. The presence of numerous temples in the city reflects the importance of religion in the lives of the inhabitants.
One notable temple in Ostia, dedicated to the Roman god Neptune, showcased a sculpture of the deity accompanied by other marine creatures.
The discovery of artifacts, such as statues and pottery, embellishing various sacred spaces indicates the community's religious devotion and the significance of religious art in ancient Ostia. Additionally, the construction of the city's synagogue further highlights the existence of different religious communities in Ostia at the time.
Geographical Significance
Proximity to the Tiber River
Ostia's strategic location at the mouth of the Tiber River made it an essential gateway to Rome. As the river was the primary waterway for the transportation of goods and people, merchants and traders found Ostia to be indispensable for their businesses.
The ancient city's position near the river allowed smooth access to Rome's market, promoting economic growth and facilitating the exchange of goods throughout the Roman empire and its provinces, as well as further afield to the east.
Comparison to Pompeii
While Pompeii is often considered the best-preserved ancient Roman city, Ostia Antica offers a different perspective on the daily life of a Roman port town.
Unlike Pompeii, Ostia Antica was not buried suddenly under volcanic ash; hence, its archaeological remains show a continuous development across different periods of Roman history.
The city's well-preserved structures and ruins provide valuable and fascinating insights into the social, economic, and political life of the sailors, merchants, and residents who inhabited the area, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the wider Roman world.
Related Page: Vesuvius and the Destruction of Pompeii
Architectural Highlights
Public Baths
Ostia Antica is renowned for its well-preserved public baths, which played a crucial role in Roman society. Public baths were not only a place to cleanse but also a hub for socializing, exercise, and relaxation.
Ostia Antica boasts several bath complexes, including the Baths of Neptune. These baths showcase intricate mosaics depicting scenes of marine life, which are a testament to the artistic skills of the time.
Forum and Temples
As is the case in most Roman cities, including Rome itself, the Forum was the central area in Ostia Antica, housing important public buildings and serving as the heart of the city. Lining the streets of the Forum are the remains of various temples, dedicated to different Roman gods and emperors.
One notable temple is the Capitolium, which was dedicated to the main Roman triad of gods - Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. The temple was built on a high podium, showcasing grand marble columns and intricate architecture, to display its religious importance.
Residential Buildings
Ostia featured a wide range of residential buildings. The city was predominantly composed of insulae, multi-story apartment buildings that housed the majority of the population. These insulae were often adorned with beautiful mosaics and decorated with marble elements, reflecting the affluence of the city's residents.
Additionally, Ostia had some individual houses referred to as domus. These were inhabited by wealthier families, and featured courtyards, intricate mosaics, and frescoes.
The House of Diana is a prime example of an Ostian insula, featuring a central courtyard, small rooms for living quarters, and shops on the ground floor.
Warehouses
As a harbor city, the city - unsurprisingly - featured numerous warehouses constructed to store goods imported from various regions. The warehouses were strategically located near the river, facilitating efficient transportation and loading/unloading of goods.
Excavations, Artifacts and Discoveries
Re-emergence under Mussolini
Ostia's fortunes would change during the 20th century, with the rise of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. He saw the potential of the ancient port for tourism and historical significance.
He commenced a large-scale excavation project at Ostia Antica in the early 20th century, ultimately uncovering vast architectural treasures and renewing interest in the once-great port city.
The modern-day archaeological site of Ostia Antica stands testimony to the city's rich history, attracting scholars and visitors from around the world.
Graffiti and Inscriptions
Ostia Antica is a treasure trove of archaeological finds that provide insight into Roman life and culture. Among these finds are numerous inscriptions that carry important information about the people who lived and worked in the city, including dates that mark significant events in Roman history.
Many of the inscriptions at Ostia Antica are dated according to the dies natalis of an Emperor. The dies natalis, or "birthday," of an Emperor was an important occasion in ancient Rome, and it was often celebrated with elaborate ceremonies and festivities. On inscriptions at Ostia Antica, the date of the dies natalis is typically written in Roman numerals, providing a glimpse into the numerical system used by the ancient Romans.
The inscriptions at Ostia Antica also provide insight into the people who lived and worked in the city. For example, some of the inscriptions are graffiti left by sailors who passed through the port, while others are dedications to the gods left by merchants and traders who did business in the city.
Together, these inscriptions paint a picture of a bustling port city that was home to people from all walks of life, from sailors and merchants to soldiers and aristocrats.
Museum of the Ships
The Museum of the Ships, located near Ostia Antica, exhibits a unique collection of ancient Roman maritime artifacts. It was established following the discovery of two well-preserved ships during archaeological excavations in the nearby river Fiumicino.
These ships, along with other fascinating maritime exhibits, offer valuable insights into the ancient Roman seafaring culture.
Necropolis of Porto
Located along the roads leading to the city gates, the Necropolis of Porto served as the burial site for both ordinary citizens and the wealthy elite of Ostia Antica [source: ostiaantica.beniculturali.it].
The eastern part of the necropolis features elaborate funerary monuments of influential figures, while the western section is reserved for the general population. Segregation of the classes applied to the Romans just as much in death as it did in life.
Visiting Ostia Antica Today
Logistics
The remains of Ostia Antica are easily accessible via public transport. To reach the site, take the train from Roma Porta San Paolo station towards Lido di Ostia, and alight at Ostia Antica station. The journey takes approximately 30 minutes. Once you arrive, walk for about five minutes to reach the archaeological park and the Borgo.
It is important to plan your visit according to the opening hours. As at time of writing, the site is currently open from Tuesday to Sunday and is closed on Mondays and December 25th, but click here to view the website and check the latest.
Guided Tours
For a more informative and immersive experience, consider joining a guided tour. Knowledgeable guides will provide insights into the history and daily life of the ancient Roman people who once inhabited this city.
Many tour companies include transportation from central Rome, ensuring a hassle-free visit.
Buy Tickets
Tickets for Ostia Antica can be purchased at the site's entrance, where both cash and credit card payments are accepted. Additionally, free entrance is offered every first Sunday of the month to the archaeological area, the Imperial harbors of Claudius and Trajan, the Necropolis of Portus, and Julius II Castle.
Keep in mind that when comparing Ostia Antica to Pompeii or Herculaneum, the former is less impressive and less well-preserved. However, it still offers a unique insight into ancient Roman urban planning and daily life.
Present-Day Ostia and Surroundings
Residential Areas
Modern Ostia is characterized by its residential areas that offer a mix of well-constructed buildings and attractive green spaces. The architectural style of the residential areas in Ostia varies from traditional Italian structures to contemporary designs, catering to the diverse preferences of its inhabitants.
The district has undergone significant development in the past century, and has become an appealing living option for families and professionals seeking a comfortable and quiet environment away from the bustling city center of Rome.
Lying southwest of Rome, Ostia offers convenient connections to the city via car or public transport, such as the Rome-Lido metro line. This efficient transport system allows residents and tourists easy access to the various services and attractions that the city of Rome provides, while still maintaining the charm of a coastal residential area.
Commercial Center
Boasting a thriving commercial center, present-day Ostia features a diverse range of shopping and dining options that cater to the needs of both locals and tourists.
The commercial center is a hub for various businesses and providers, including retail shops, markets, supermarkets, cafes, and restaurants. The commercial center is also home to important establishments like schools, medical facilities, and government offices.
