The primary sources, when available, have been referred to first in the research and preparation of all articles. I attempt to use 'consensus' opinion in several cases and have used my own interpretation of various ancient propaganda when necessary, which should be clearly apparent in most cases. These articles have not been published, in most cases, with their direct supporting footnote documentation. This site is not intended to be an end all for scholarly research, but rather provides general interpretations of the ancient, hopefully in a concise manner. I hope it only to be an introduction and stepping stone into more advanced studies. Additional information can be provided to students when asking for bibliography information regarding specific articles.
On a generic basis, the following sources have been instrumental in developing this site:
Bibliography
Ancient Sources
Titus Livius: History of Rome, books nine through twenty-six. (Related Page: Livy)
Polybius: The Histories
Plutarch: Parallel Lives (Related Page: Plutarch)
Tacitus: The Annals; Agricola and the Germania (Related Pages: Tacitus and Germania by Tacitus)
Appian: The Roman History
Dio Cassius: Roman History (Related Page: Cassius Dio)
Caesar: The Gallic Wars; The Civil Wars
Cicero: Numerous works of letters, speeches and philosophy
Ammianus Marcellinus: The Later Roman Empire (Related Pages: Ammianus Marcellinus and Book Review: History of the Later Roman Empire)
Cato the Elder: Agriculture (Related Page: Cato the Elder)
Frontinus: The Aqueducts of Rome; Strategies (Related Page: Frontinus)
Galen: On the Natural Faculties
Herodian: History of the Empire (Related Page: Herodian)
Josephus: The Jewish War
Marcus Aurelius: Meditations
Pliny the Elder: Natural Histories (Related Page: Pliny the Elder)
Pliny the Younger: Letters
Sallust: History of Rome; War with Jugurtha; War with Cataline (Related Pages: Sallust and The Jugurthine War)
Suetonius: The Twelve Caesars
Vegetius: Roman Military Institutions (Related Page: Vegetius)
Vitruvius: Architecture
Ptolemy: Geography
Augustus: Deeds of the Divine Augustus
Selections of the Historia Augusta
Contemporary Sources
Bennett, Julian Trajan: Optimus Princeps Indiana Press 2001Birley, Anthony Marcus Aurelius Routledge 2000 (Related Page: Marcus Aurelius)
Bullfinch, Thomas Bulfinch's Greek and Roman Mythology: The Age of Fable Dover 2000 (Related Page: Roman Mythology)
Connolly, Peter Greece and Rome at War Greenhill 1998
Cornell, Tim The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars Routledge 1995
Dodge, Theodore Aryault Hannibal Da Capo Press 2004
Duncan-Jones, Richard Money and Government in the Roman Empire Cambridge 1998
Duncan-Jones, Richard Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy Cambridge 2002
Everitt, Anthony Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician Random House 2003
Gibbon, Edward Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Everyman's Library 1993
Goldsworthy, Adrian The Complete Roman Army Thames & Hudson 2003 (Read Review)
Goldsworthy, Adrian The Roman Army at War: 100 BC-AD 200 Oxford 1998 (Read Review)
Goldsworthy, Adrian The Punic Wars Cassell Military 2001
Grant, Michael The Roman Emperors: Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome Orion Publishing Co 1985
Grant, Michael History of Rome Prentice Hall 1978
Grant, Michael Constantine the Great: The Man and His Times Scribner 1994
Grant, Michael A Guide to the Ancient World: A Dictionary of Classical Place Names Porter, 1986
Grant, Michael The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire Routledge 1996
Grant, Michael The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition Routledge 1996
Grant, Michael Fall of the Roman Empire Scribner 1997
Heather, Peter The Fall of the Roman Empire : A New History of Rome and the Barbarians Oxford University Press, 2005
Greene, Kevin Archaeology of the Roman Economy University of California 1991
Hart, B.H. Liddell Scipio Africanus: Greater Than Napoleon Da Capo Press 2004
Hekster, Olivier Commodus: An Emperor at the Crossroads Gieben 2002 (Related Page: Commodus)
Huskinson, Janet Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire Routledge 1999
Keaveney, Arthur Sulla the Late Republican Routledge 2005 (Related Page: Sulla)
Kohne, Eckart Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome University of California 2001 (Related Page: Gladiators)
Levick, Barbara Tiberius the Politician Routledge 1999 (Related Page: Tiberius)
Levick, Barbara Vespasian Routledge 1999 (Related Page: Vespasian)
Lintott, Andrew The Constitution of the Roman Republic Oxford 2003 Massie, Alan Augustus Carroll & Graf 1995
Mattern, Susan Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate University of California 2002 (Related Forum Thread: Republic, Principate, Or Dominate?)
Matyszak, Philip Chronicle of the Roman Republic Thames & Hudson 2003
Meier, Christian Caesar Basic Books 1997
Mommsen, Theodor The Provinces of the Roman Empire Ares Publishing 1974
Montagu, John Drago Battles of the Greek and Roman Worlds Greenhill 2000
Nardo, Don Roman Roads and Aqueducts Lucent Books 2000 (Related Pages: Roman Roads and Roman Aqueducts)
Pennel, Robert F. Ancient Rome From the Earliest Times Down to 476 A.D Kessinger Publishing 2004
Potter, David Stone Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire UMP 1999
Raaflaub, Kurt A. / Toher, Mark Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate University of California 1993
Raven, Susan Rome In Africa Routledge 1993 (Related Page: The Roman Province of Africa)
Salwey, Peter A History of Roman Britain Oxford 1997
Sayles, Wayne G. Ancient Coin Collecting Krause Publications 2003
Scarborough, John Roman Medicine Cornell 1970 (Related Pages: Roman Medicine and Roman Doctors)
Scullard, H.H. History of the Roman World: 753 to 146 BC Routledge 2002
Scullard, H.H. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 Routledge 1990 (Related Pages: Nero and The Gracchi Brothers)
Sear, Frank Roman Architecture Cornell 1983 (Related Page: Roman Architecture)
Shepherd, William Historical Atlas Henry Holt 1926
Syme, Ronald The Roman Revolution Oxford 1939 (Related Forum Thread: Ronald Symes: The Roman Revolution)
Talbert, Richard Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World Princeton 2000
Tellegen-Couperus, Olga Short History of Roman Law Routledge 1993
Turcan, Robert The Gods of Ancient Rome : Religion in Everyday Life from Archaic to Imperial Times Routledge 2001
Van Meter, David Handbook of Roman Imperial Coins Laurion 1991
Wiedemann, Thomas Greek and Roman Slavery Routledge 1989 (Related Page: Roman Slavery)
Wiedemann, Thomas The Julio-Claudian Emperors, Ad 14-70 Duckworth 1989
Williams, Stephen Diocletian and the Roman Recovery Routledge 1997
Other Excellent Web Resources
De Imperatoribus Romanis: http://www.roman-emperors.org
Ancient History Sourcebook: https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/asbook09.asp
Lacus Curtius - Bill Thayer: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html
Livius - Jona Lendering: https://www.livius.org
The Perseus Project: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu
Roman Army Talk: https://www.romanarmytalk.com
Contributors from the UNRV Community
Last Updated: November 12, 2017
Book Reviews - The Oxford Classical Dictionary, The Gods of Ancient Rome, Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome, Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History, Roman Sex: 100 BC - AD 250, There Is No Crime For Those Who have Christ, Empire of Honour, Roman Empire, Remus: A Roman Myth, Augustan Culture, The Roman Empire at Bay, The Celts: A History, The Roman Soldier, Latin Via Ovid, Rubicon, The Last Pagan,
A History of Byzantium, Experiencing Rome - Aurelian and the Third Century, Life and Times of Constantine, The Conquest of Gaul, A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC, Rome, Inc., Roman Architecture, Ancient Rome on Five Denarii a Day, The Golden Ass, Alexander the Great, Persian Fire, The Hellenistic World, From Alexander to Cleopatra, Bacchus: A Biography, The Gladiators: History's Most Deadly Sport, Roman Life, The Sons of Caesar, The Roman Empire: from Severus to Constantine, Looking at Laughter, Mediterranean Anarchy, Working IX to V, The Sirens of Surrentum, Backgrounds of Early Christianity, The Christians as the Romans Saw Them, Twelve Caesars, Roman Poetry, Antony and Cleopatra, The Roman Army, Roman Women, The Oxford History of the Roman World, The Rise and Fall of Alexandria, The Erotic Poems, The Satyricon, Ancient Athens on 5 Drachmas a Day, Mithridates the Great, The Trojan War: A New History, Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, How Rome Fell, Religion in the Roman Empire, Legionary: The Roman Soldier's Manual, Hadrian's Empire, The Roman Cult of Mithras, Venus: A Biography, Roman Art, Black Ships, The Historical Figure of Jesus, The Classical Compendium, Fires of Vesuvius, Project Lessons from the Roman Empire, Why We're All Romans, Roman Passions, De Bello Lemures, A Cabinet of Roman Curiosities, Roman Gaul and Germany, The Greek and Roman Myths, Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires, The Birth of Classical Europe, The World of the Celts by Simon James, Aspects of Roman History: 82 BC - AD 14, Roman Religion by V. M. Warrior, Druids by B. Cunliffe, The Early Germans by M. Todd, All Things Under the Sun by L. Powell, If Rome Hadn't Fallen by Timothy Venning
Articles - Apollo, Venus, Cults Of The Imperial Legions, Brief History Of Egypt, Cult of Isis, Civil And Military Command Of The Late Empire, Religion of Egypt, Roman Domestic Cult, Republican era State festivals, Mercury and Hermes, Ovid - Life and Poetry, Sextus Propertius, Catullus and the Neoteroi
Others - Rome Series Review (DVD), Spartacus Review(DVD), Rome Total War: Gold Edition, Interview with Andrew Dalby, Interview with Dr. Phillip Matyszak, Rome: Engineering an Empire (DVD), Interview with John R. Clarke, HBO Rome Season 2 (DVD), Interview with Philip Matyszak, Europa Universalis: Rome, The Life of Brian - The Immaculate Edition, Interview with Adrian Goldsworthy, CivCity: Rome, Spartacus: Blood and Sand - The Complete First Season, Interview with Philip Matyszak, Centurion (DVD) - The Movie, Clash of the Titans - DVD, Agora (2010) by Alejandro Amenábar, King Arthur - The Director's Cut by A.Fuqua, Terry Jones` Barbarians (DVD), The Eagle (2010) by K. Macdonald, Spartacus: Gods Of The Arena [DVD] (2011), The 300 (Single-Disc Widescreen Edition) (2007)
Book Reviews - Assassination of Julius Caesar, The Complete Roman Army, AD69 : The Year of Four Emperors, The Last Generation Of The Roman Republic
Book Reviews - Roman Medicine, Rubicon, Roman Britain, Empire of Pleasures, Roman Britain and the Roman Navy, Daily Life In Ancient Rome, The Classical World, Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World, Ancient Medicine, Pompeii the Living City, Justinian's Flea
Book Reviews - Hermes the Thief, The Ancient Celts, Rediscovering Homer, Carthage: A History
Articles - Viriathus And The Lusitanian War,
Book Reviews - The Battle that Stopped Rome, The Fall of the Roman Empire, The Assassination of Julius Caesar
Book Reviews - Roman Britain: A New History, - Caesar: Life of a Colossus, Roman Religion
Articles - Pausanias, Flavius Eutropius, Athenaeus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Seneca the Elder, Sextus Propertius, Valerius Maximus, Velleius Paterculus, Columella, Dio Chrysostom, Martialis, Lucius Apuleius, Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Lucius Annaeus Florus,
Book Reviews - Ghosts of Vesuvius
Articles - Truceless War, Spanish Wars
Book Reviews - Woman of Stone, Roman Games, The Fall of Rome And the End of Civilization, Sand of the Arena, Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire
Book Reviews - History of the Byzantine Empire, Sailing From Byzantium, Maurice's Strategikon
Articles - Justin I, Byzantine Emperors, Mauritius Tiberius
Book Reviews - Cicero: the Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician, Beginnings of Rome
Book Reviews - The Later Roman Empire, Caesar, Scipio Africanus,
Rome’s Gothic Wars, Caesar’s Legacy
Book Reviews - The Enemies of Rome, Greek & Roman Warfare, The Hun, Scourge of God, An Imperial Possesion, Belisarius: The Last Roman General, Roman Conquests: Macedonia and Greece, Spectacle in the Roman World, Travel and Geography in the Roman Empire, Roman Conquest - North Africa, Hannibal: Enemy of Rome by Ben Kane, Rome - Day One by Andrea Carandini, Imperial General: The Remarkable Career Of Petellius Cerialis, Constantine the Great: Warlord of Rome, Germanicus by Lindsay Powell, Roman Sports and Spectacles by Anne Mahoney, The Greek & Latin Roots of English, Rome the Perverts Delight by Joe Medhurst, Swords And Cinema, The Defeat Of Rome In The East, Fighting Emperors of Byzantium, A Companion To Julius Caesar, The Roman Wars In Spain, Brutus: Caesar's Assassin, Commanders and Command, The Anglo-Saxon World, Dawn of the Horse Warriors, The Life of Roman Republicanism, Hercules: The First Superhero, Tyrants: A History of Power, Injustice, and Terror, The Roman Empire's Greatest Victories, The Fall of the Seleukid Empire, Rome Seizes The Trident, A Companion to Roman Italy, Gladiators & Beasthunts
Articles - Roman Siegecraft
Interviews - Interview with Waller R. Newell
FLavius Valerius Constantinus - blog
Book Reviews - The Venus Throw, The Moral and Political Tradition of Rome, The Roman Family
Articles - Arabia, Pliny's Generosity, The Districts of Rome
Book Reviews - Caligula
Book Reviews - The Roman Army at War
Articles - Justin II, Byzantine Emperors, Tiberius Constantinus, Anthemius
Book Reviews - Under the Eagle, Pillar of Iron, The Roman World, Gladiatrix
Articles - Roman Religion, Morrigan
Book Reviews - The Late Roman Army, Failure of Empire, Generalissimos of the Western Roman Empire, Theodosius - Empire at Bay
Articles - Byzantine Emperors
Articles - Chariot Races
Book Reviews - Caesar: A History of the Art of War
Book Reviews - Julian: A Novel
Book Reviews - In the Name of Rome, Nero's Killing Machine
Book Reviews - Struggle for the Mediterranean
Book Reviews - Chronicle Of The Roman Republic
Articles - Enhanced list of Republican Statesmen
Book Reviews - The Fall of the Roman Empire, The Last Roman, Attila the Hun, Arms and Armour of the Imperial Roman Soldier
Others - Gladiator DVD(Review)
Book Reviews - Dining Posture in Ancient Rome , Rome and the Black Sea Region
Book Reviews - Livia - First Lady of Imperial Rome, Roma
Others - I, Claudius by the BBC(Review)
Articles - Roman Naming Practices During the Principate, Roman Dog Names, Surnames of the Julii, Surnames of the Cornelii, Surnames of the Sempronii, Surnames of the Claudii, Surnames of the Valerii, Surnames of the Fabii, Surnames of the Servilii, Surnames of the Licinii, Surnames of the Aemilii, Surnames of the Livii, Surnames of the Manlii, Surnames of the Junii, Surnames of the Porcii
Book Reviews - The Enemies of Rome, The Goths in the Fourth Century
Articles - Augustus and the Success of the Empire, Dacia and Modern Politics, Intrusive Ideology
Book Reviews - The First Frontier, Wounds of Honour: Empire, Arrows of Fury: Empire, The Navies of Rome by Michael Pitassi, The Planning of Roman Roads and Walls in Northern Britain, A Companion to the Roman Army, UnRoman Britain by M. Russell and S. Laycock, Fortress of Spears by A. Riches, Carthage Must Be Destroyed by R. Miles, Herculaneum: Past and Future, Civil War (Penguin Ancient Classics), The First Fossil Hunters by A. Mayor, Roman Gloucestershire by Tim Copeland, Running the Roman Home
Book Reviews - Swords Against The Senate, The Forgotten Legion, Gladiator: Rome's Bloody Spectacle
Articles - Plautus: adapting New Comedy for the Roman stage,
Book Reviews - The Culture of the Roman Plebs, The Silver Eagle by Ben Kane, The Road to Rome by Ben Kane, Pompeii and the Lost Cities
Book Review - Spectacle in the Roman World, Death in Ancient Rome
Articles - Female Gladiators in Archaeology and Re-enactment,
Book Reviews - Ancient Warfare Magazine,
Articles - Roman Musical Instruments,
Book Reviews - Caligula by Sam Wilkinson
Book Reviews - The Roman Triumph, The Column of Marcus Aurelius
Other - Interview with Klingan,
Book Reviews - Eagle In The Snow, Age of the Gladiators, Roman Conquests: Italy, The Eagle of the Ninth, The Day of the Barbarians, Fire in the East, I, Claudius, Empire: The Novel of Imperial Rome, Roma Victrix by Russell Whitfield, Wrath of the Furies
Book Reviews - Great Battles of the Hellenistic World, Rome’s debt to Greece, The Murder of Regilla, Questioning Reputations: Essays on Nine Roman Republican Politicians, Hellenistic and Roman Naval Warfare 336BC - 31BC, The Field Campaigns of Alexander the Great, Philip II of Macedonia: Greater than Alexander , Expedition to Disaster
Book Reviews - The Poison King, Chariot Racing in the Roman Empire, Stilicho: The Vandal who saved Rome, Antony and Cleopatra by Adrian Goldsworthy, The Last Pagans of Rome, Time in Antiquity by R. Hannah, Aurelian and the Third Century, Calendars in Antiquity, Murder Was Not a Crime by Judy E. Gaughan, The Roman Hannibal by Claire Stocks, The Roman Guide to Slave Management, Henchmen of Ares, The Roman Guide to Slave Management, The Mysteries of Artemis of Ephesos, Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the House of Caesar, Marcus Agrippa: Right-Hand Man of Caesar Augustus, Sparta: Unfit for Empire, The Rise and Fall of the Seleukid Empire, Pax Romana: War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World by Adrian Goldsworthy
Other - Interview with Ian Hughes, Interview with Adrian Goldsworthy, Interview with Alan Cameron, Review of the UNRV Map of the Roman Empire, Interview with Tom Holland
Book Reviews - The Wall - Rome’s Greatest Frontier,
Other - Interview with Russell Whitfield,
Book Reviews - The Great Fire of Rome by Stephen Dando-Collins, The Fall and Rise by David J Winter, Between Empires: Arabs, Romans and Sasanians in Late Antiquity, The History of Zonaras, Roman Aristocrats in Barbarian Gaul, The Visigoths edited by P. Heather, 428 AD An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire, The Chronicle of Pseudo-Zachariah Rhetor, Galla Placidia: The Last Roman Empress, Britain After Rome: The Fall and Rise, The Alamanni and Rome 213-496, Debating the Saints’ Cult, Empires of Faith by Peter Sarris, The Last Legionary by Paul Elliott, The Chronicle of Seert, Post-Roman Transitions by Walter Pohl, Through the Eye of a Needle, The Role of the Bishop in Late Antiquity, Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius, Romans, Barbarians, and the Transformation of the Roman World, The Restoration of the Roman Forum in Late Antiquity, The Baiuvarii and Thuringi, The Lost World of Byzantium, The Lost History of Peter the Patrician, Staying Roman, The Langobards before the Frankish Conquest, The Huns by Hyun Jin Kim
Other - Interview with Jonathan Harris
Book Review - Livia, Empress of Rome: A Biography, The Cavalry of the Roman Republic, Roman Warships by Michael Pitassi, The Art of Forgetting by Harriet I. Flower, Augustus edited by Jonathan Edmondson, Augustus: First Emperor of Rome, Jewish War under Trajan and Hadrian
Other - Interview with Matthew Dennison, Vindolanda - Living it up on the Northwestern Frontier
Book Review - Gladiator: The Roman Fighter’s (Unofficial) Manual, The Siege: Agent of Rome by Nick Brown
Book Review - The Romans: An Introduction by Antony Kamm,
Book Review - Eromenos by Melanie McDonald,
Book Review - Theogony by Hesiod (translation by Richard S. Caldwell), Agricola and Germania (Penguin Classics) by Tacitus, Two Deaths at Amphipolis by Mike Roberts, An Invincible Beast by Christopher Matthew, The Roman Emperor Aurelian, Great Battles of the Classical Greek World, Empire at War: A Compendium of Roman Battles
Adrian Murdoch
Book Review - Eager for Glory by Lindsay Powell,
Book Review - The Frome Hoard by R. Bland, A. Booth and S. Moorhead, The Archaeology of Sanitation in Roman Italy by Ann Olga Koloski-Ostrow, Julius Caesar's Disease: A New Diagnosis
Book Review - The King's Gambit (SPQR I),
Book Review - L'Esercito Romano, A History of the Later Roman Empire
Ron R.S. Gompertz
Book Review - Roman Life and Times Series,
Book Review - 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed, Life in a Roman Legionary Fortress, The Redemption of Pontius Pilate, Death in Ancient Rome, A Year of Ravens: a novel of Boudica's Rebellion, A Servant of Aphrodite, Praetorian: The Great Game, A Walk With the Emperors, The Ancient Olympic Games: Third edition, Casting Lots, Eboracum: The Village, The Earthly Gods: Agent of Rome 6
Other - Interview with the authors of A Year of Ravens, Interview with Philip Matyszak on The Servant of Aphrodite,
Alex JohnstonBook Review - The Roman Empire (Beginner's Guides) by Philip Matyszak, The Death of Carthage by Robin E. Levin, The Imperial Banner (Agent of Rome), The Real Lives of Roman Britain, The Gabinian Affair, Patricians and Emperors, Democracy's Beginning, SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome, Democracy's Beginning, The Emperor Nero
Alistair ForrestBook Review - Babylon: Legend, History and the Ancient City, A History of the Ancient Near East, Roman Palmyra, Atlas of the Ancient Near East, How to Grow Old
Josho BrouwersBook Review - Five books on the Battle of Marathon, Delphi: A History of the Center of the Ancient World
Nick BrownBook Review - The Ancient Guide to Modern Life
Michael MatesBook Review - Byzantium Triumphant, An Introduction to the New Testament, A Companion to Josephus, Gods Generals, A Sacred Kingdom: Bishops and the Rise of Frankish Kingship
Kim DrummondBook Review - Brutus of Troy,
SJA TurneyBook Review - In Search of our Ancient Ancestors,
Joe MedhurstBook Review - Military History of Late Rome 284-361,
Brian IgoeBook Review - Rome's Last Citizen,
Gordon DohertyBook Review - Legio XVII: Roman Legion at War by Thomas A. Timmes,
