Roman Provinces

Roman Provinces at the Height of the Empire

The table below contains details of the Roman provinces at the height of the Roman Empire.

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Province	Province Type	Governor Type	Legions
Africa	Senatorial	Consular	Legio III Augusta
Asia Minor	Senatorial	Consular
Achaea	Senatorial	Praetorian
Cyprus	Senatorial	Praetorian
Crete Cyrenaica	Senatorial	Praetorian
Gaul	Senatorial	Praetorian
Lycia Pamphylia	Senatorial	Praetorian
Macedonia Epirus	Senatorial	Praetorian
Sardinia Corsica	Senatorial	Praetorian
Sicilia	Senatorial	Praetorian
Gallia	Imperial Legatus	Praetorian
Arabia	Imperial Legatus	Praetorian	Legio III Cyrenaica
Hispania	Imperial Legatus	Praetorian
Gallia	Imperial Legatus	Praetorian
Britannia	Imperial Legatus	Consular	Legio II Augusta Legio VI Victrix Legio XX Valeria Victrix
Cappadocia	Imperial Legatus	Consular	Legio XII Fulminata Legio XV Appollinaris Legio XVI Flamia Firma
Cilicia	Imperial Legatus	Praetorian
Dacia	Imperial Legatus	Consular	Legio V Macedonia Legio XIII Gemina
Illyricum	Imperial Legatus	Praetorian
Galatia	Imperial Legatus	Praetorian
Germania	Imperial Legatus	Consular	Legio I Minervia Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix
Germania	Imperial Legatus	Consular	Legio VIII Augusta Legio XXII Primigenia
Hispania	Imperial Legatus	Consular	Legio VII Gemina
Gallia	Imperial Legatus	Praetorian
Hispania	Imperial Legatus	Praetorian
Moesia	Imperial Legatus	Consular	Legio I Italica Legio XI Claudia
Moesia	Imperial Legatus	Consular	Legio IV Flavia Legio VII Claudia
Noricum	Imperial Legatus	Consular	Legio II Italica Pia
Africa	Imperial Legatus	Praetorian
Judaea	Imperial Legatus	Consular	Legio VI Ferrata Legio X Fretensis
Pannonia	Imperial Legatus	Praetorian	Legio II Adiutrix
Pannonia	Imperial Legatus	Consular	Legio I Adiutrix Legio X Gemina Legio IVX Gemina
Pontus & Bithynia	Imperial Legatus	Consular
Raetia	Imperial Legatus	Consular	Legio III Italica
Syria	Imperial Legatus	Consular	Legio III Gallica Legio IV Scythica
Thracia	Imperial Legatus	Praetorian
Aegyptus	Imperial Equestrian	Praefectus	Legio II Traiana Fortis
Gallia	Imperial Equestrian	Procurator
Gallia	Imperial Equestrian	Procurator
Gallia	Imperial Equestrian	Procurator
Africa	Imperial Equestrian	Procurator
Africa	Imperial Equestrian	Procurator

Roman Province Chronology

See the table below to find out when each province came under Roman control, the influential events surrounding this incorporation, and when the territory was lost.

Year of Earliest Influence	Year Made Official Province	Province	Influential Events	Fall from Empire
509 BC	272 BC	Italia (Final Consolidation)	Though not technically a "province", it's included for contextual purposes. Beginning of expansion after removal of the Etruscan Kings. Latin Wars, Samnite Wars, Pyrrhic War. Additional consolidation of allied cities took place after the 2nd Punic War.	476 AD (Germanics)
241 BC	241 BC	Sicilia	C. Lutatius Catulus - Conquest during the First Punic War. Syracuse fell to Roman authority in 212 BC.	436 AD (Vandals)
238 BC	238 BC	Sardinia & Corsica	Invasions by L. Cornelius Scipio during the 1st Punic War (259 BC). Annexed as a result of Roman victory in that war 238 BC.	436 AD (Vandals)
206 BC	197 BC	Hispania Ulterior (Later Baetica)	P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus - Second Punic War. Largely Romanized after the conquest of the Turdetani by Cato Major in the 190's BC and established as part of Hispania Ulterior in 197 BC. Ulterior was split in two and reorganized as Baetica by Augustus after 27 BC.	409 AD (Alani, Seuvi, Vandals, Visigoths)
206 BC	197 BC	Hispania Ulterior (Later Lusitania)	Scipio Africanus - 2nd Punic War. Established as part of Hispania Ulterior in 197 BC, though this province was particularly hostile until final conquest in the 20's BC. Ulterior was split in two and reorganized as Baetica by Augustus after 27 BC	409 AD (Alani, Seuvi, Vandals, Visigoths)
206 BC	197 BC	Hispania Citerior (Later Terraconensis)	Scipio Africanus - 2nd Punic War. Established as Hispania Citerior in 197 BC before being reorganized as Tarraconensis after 27 BC by Augustus.	409 AD (Alani, Seuvi, Vandals, Visigoths)
202 BC	146 BC	Africa	Though independent after the 2nd Punic War, it was a tributary of Rome (202 BC). P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus incorporated the province with victory in the 3rd Punic War. Split into 2 provinces with Numidia by Septimius Severus in AD 197.	409 AD (Alani, Seuvi, Vandals, Visigoths)
202 BC	81 BC	Gallia Cisalpina	Conquered during the Second Punic War was established as a province in 81 BC.	418 AD (Visigoths)
188 BC	AD 43	Lycia & Pamphylia	Client status after the defeat of Antiochus III of Seleucia, reorganized by Pompey (66 - 63 BC) but officially annexed by Claudius	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 14th Cent. AD
188 BC	133 BC	Asia Minor	Several small kingdoms made up the entirety of what eventually became a combined Asia Minor. For the most part it held client status after the defeat of Antiochus III of Seleucia 188 BC. One client, Pergamum, was willed to Rome by King Attalus III in 133 BC, though it was distributed to other client states for governing. Parts of the province fell in and out of Roman control until after the conquests of Lucullus and Pompey (70's - 60's BC)	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 15th Cent. AD
168 BC	59 BC	Illyricum (Dalmatia)	Occupied in part in 168 BC after the Illyrian/Macedonian Wars, established as a part of Cisalpine Gaul in 59 BC (Lex Vatinia) and eventually established as Illyricum after 27 BC by Augustus. After revolts in Pannonia were put down the province was reorganized as Dalmatia in AD 9.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 14th Cent. AD
168 BC	148 BC	Epirus	Conquered by Aemilius Paullus - 3rd Macedonian War. Organized as a province with Macedonia after the 4th war.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 11th Cent. AD
168 BC	AD 46	Thracia	Client status established sometime after the defeat of Macedonia in the 3rd Macedonian War, though direct control was probably more assertive after the annexation of Macedonia in 148 BC. Annexed by Claudius in AD 46 after the murder of King Rhoemetalces by his wife.	Remained partly (Southern Thracia) with the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 13th Cent. AD
148 BC	148 BC	Macedonia	Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus - 4th Macedonian War Organized as a province with Epirus.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 11th Cent. AD
146 BC	27 BC	Achaea	4th Macedonian War under Lucius Memmius, organized as an official province by Octavian. Heavy influence as early as 196 BC after the defeat of Philip of Macedonia by T. Quictius Flaminius.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 11th Cent. AD
121 BC	121 BC	Gallia Transalpina (Narbonensis)	Conquest of the Allobroges by Domitius Ahenobarbus.	418 AD (Visigoths)
121 BC - 51 BC	14 BC	Alpes Maritimae	Authority established sometime between the conquest of Narbonensis and Caesar's Gallic Wars. Officially made a province by Augustus in 14 BC.	5th Cent. AD (Germanic tribes)
121 BC - 51 BC	14 BC	Alpes Graiae et Poeniniae	Authority established sometime between the conquest of Narbonensis and Caesar's Gallic Wars. Officially made a province by Augustus in 14 BC.	5th Cent. AD (Germanic tribes)
121 BC - 51 BC	AD 58	Alpes Cottiae	Authority established sometime between the conquest of Narbonensis and Caesar's Gallic Wars. Formally Annexed by Nero by AD 58.	5th Cent. AD (Germanic tribes)
106 BC	197 AD	Numidia	Probable client status dating from the end of the 2nd Punic War (202 BC) but definate regional authority after the defeat of Jugurtha in 106 BC. Incorporated as a part of Africa after the death of King Bocchus II in 33 BC. Numidia made it's own official province after Africa is split by Septimius Severus in AD 197.	5th Cent. AD (Vandals)
106 BC	AD 44	Mauretania (Tingitana, Caesarensis)	Some influence at least since the destruction of Carthage in 146 BC. King Bocchus was likely established as client after the defeat of Jugurtha in 106 BC, though various tribes maintained independent kings in parts of the territory (especially farther west). Formal annexation and split into 2 provinces by Claudius.	5th Cent. AD (Vandals)
102 BC	64 BC	Cilicia	Campaigns of Marcus Antonius (grandfather of the triumvir) in 102 BC and official recognition in 64 BC after Pompey. Various re-organizations by Caesar, Augustus and Vespasian.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 7th Cent. AD and reincorporated in the 9th.
96 BC	74 BC	Cyrenaica	Willed to Rome by the Ptolemaic King Apion. Made a province in 74 BC and reorganized by Pompey as a joint province with Crete in 66 BC.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 7th Cent. AD.
74 BC	64 BC	Bithynia et Pontus	Bithynia ceded to Rome by King Nicomedes IV in 74 BC, but was made a joint province with Pontus by Pompey after victory over King Mithridates of Pontus.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 15th Cent. AD
68 BC	66 BC	Crete	Failed invasion of Marcus Antonius (father of the triumvir) in 74 and conquest by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus between 68 and 63 BC. Organized as a joint province with Cyrenaica by Pompeius Magnus	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 13th Cent. AD
64 BC	64 BC	Syria	Annexed by Pompey after the Lex Gabinia but under some Roman influence since the defeat of Antiochus III in 189 BC.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 7th Cent. AD
64 BC	30 BC	Aegyptus	Pompey established the Ptolemies as nominal clients after the Lex Gabinia. Octavian annexed the province as a personal possession in 30 BC.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 8th Cent. AD
64 BC	25 BC	Galatia	Established as a client after the defeat of Mithridates and the reorganization of the east by Pompey (Lex Gabinia). Annexed by Augustus after the death of client king Amyntas in 25 BC.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 11th Cent. AD
64 BC	AD 6	Judaea	Nominal client authority after the eastern conquests of Pompey. Jewish kings held client status even after the official incorporation of the province in AD 6 and after the Flavian conquests of the 60's - 70's AD (Agrippa II died AD 100).	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 7th Cent. AD
64 BC	AD 17	Cappadocia	Some influence dating to the Seleucid war of Antiochus III (189 BC), but authority established after the defeat of Mithridates and Pompey's reorganization of the east (64 BC). Official annexation under Tiberius after the death of client king Archelaus.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 11th Cent. AD
64 BC	AD 114	Armenia	Client status under Pompey in 64 BC but that status was disputed with Parthia for the next century. Annexed by Trajan in AD 114 upon deposing King Chosroes.	117 AD Withdrawal by Hadrian, though disputed influence clearly remained.
58 BC	58 - 30 BC	Cyprus	Annexed based upon the will of Ptolemy XII in 58, gifted to Cleopatra by M. Antonius (triumvir) and re-annexed by Octavian in 30.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 12th Cent. AD
54 BC	AD 43	Britannia	Arguable authority after Caesar's invasions followed with conquest by Aulus Plautius and annexation by Claudius.	5th Cent. AD (Anglos and Saxons)
51 BC	51 BC	Gallia Aquitania	Caesar's Gallic War. Additional conquest under Agrippa in 38 BC and provincial re-organization from 2 to 3 provinces by Augustus after 27 BC.	5th Cent. AD (Germanic tribes)
51 BC	51 BC	Gallia Belgica	Caesar's Gallic War. Provincial re-organization from 2 to 3 provinces by Augustus after 27 BC.	5th Cent. AD (Germanic tribes)
51 BC	51 BC	Gallia Celtica (Lugdenensis)	Caesar's Gallic War. Provincial re-organization from 2 to 3 provinces by Augustus after 27 BC.	5th Cent. AD (Germanic tribes)
27 BC	27 BC	Germania Inferior & Superior	Organized by Augustus from the provinces of Gaul as a military buffer zone after 27 BC	5th Cent. AD (Germanic tribes)
50? BC	15 BC	Noricum	Had been an ally and perhaps client since Caesar's Gallic wars. After a joint invasion of Istria by the Noricans and the Pannonians was defeated by Publius Silius in 16 BC Noricum was organized as a unique client kingdom under the authority of a Roman governor. Made a traditional province under Claudius in AD 40.	5th Cent. AD (Germanic tribes)
35 BC	AD 10	Pannonia (Superior & Inferior)	Campaigns of Octavian in 35 BC, followed by those of Tiberius in 9 BC. Part of the province was originally incorporated with Illyricum but was split after the revolts that were eventually put down by Tiberius in AD 9. Organized as Pannonia sometime after AD 10. Trajan split Pannonia into Inferior and Superior between AD 102 and 107 to coincide with the conquest of Dacia.	5th Cent. AD (Germanic tribes)
29 BC	AD 6	Moesia (Superior & Inferior)	Campaigns of Marcus Licinius Crassus (grandson of 1st triumvir). Organized as a province by Augustus in AD 6. Split into 2 provinces by Domitian in AD 85.	5th Cent. AD (Germanic tribes)
15 BC	15 BC	Raetia	Augustus - Danube campaigns of Tiberius & Drusus Germanicus	5th Cent. AD (Germanic tribes)
AD 105	AD 105	Arabia Petraea	Conquest by A. Cornelius Palma under Trajan.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 8th Cent. AD
AD 106	AD 106	Dacia	Conquest of Trajan. Reorganized into 2 provinces by Hadrian and into 3 by Marcus Aurelius.	275 AD (Goths)
AD 116	AD 116	Mesopotamia	Campaigns of Trajan, though disputed with Parthia/Persia and parts changed hands over the course of the next 6 centuries.	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 7th Cent. AD
AD 195	AD 195	Osrhoene	Annexed by Severus along with his reincorporation of Mesopotamia. Kings deposed by Caracalla in AD 211	Remained part of the Byzantine or Romaion Empire until the 7th Cent. AD